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BIO 224 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Diffusion

A

a random walk from a region of high concentration (partial pressure) to a region of lower partial pressure – gas molecule in gas mixture. O2 goes from high concentration to low concentration

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2
Q

Fix law

Q=

A

(P1-P2)AD/delta x
A=area
D=diffusion coefficient
delta x=thickness

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3
Q

Most vertebrate gas-transfer system system is composed of

A

ventilation, diffusion of gases across the respiratory epithelia, circulatory system, diffusion of gases across capillary walls.

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4
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P1V1=P2V2

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5
Q

During inhalation what happen to the ribs and diaphragm

A

Diaphragm contracts and moves down, the external intercostals muscles contract and lift rib cage upward.

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6
Q

During exhalation what happens to the ribs and diaphragm>

A

diaphragm returns to relaxed position and rib cage moves down.

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7
Q

What type of flow does the fish have?

A

countercurrent

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8
Q

What type of flow does the bird lung have?

A

cross-current

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9
Q

what type of flow does the mammalian heart have>

A

“pool”

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10
Q

what type of flow does the amphibian heart have?

A

“open”

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11
Q

Explain the respiratory system of a bird.

A

cycle 1. During the first inhalation, most of the oxygen flows directly to the posterior air sacs.During the following exhalation, both anterior and posterior air sacs contract.
cycle 2. During the next inhalation, air from the lung (now deoxygenated) moves into the anterior air sacs.In the second exhalation, air from anterior sacs is expelled to the outside through the trachea.

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12
Q

What is an advantage of the birds respiratory system?

A

birds can breath at much higher altitudes.

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13
Q

What are parabronchi?

A

are composed of small air capillaries that have cross current gas exchange and thus provide oxygen. has a large surface area.

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14
Q

in insect ventilation what is teachea

A

Internal tubes
– Finer branches extend to all parts of the body
– May become functionally intracellular in muscles

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15
Q

In insect ventilation what is spiracles

A

– Opening of the trachea – Closing mechanisms
– Missing in some aquatic insect
• Gas exchange􏰀array of trachea close to thin cuticle

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16
Q

Airmovement produced by changing shape of ______ system. This happens in ventilation.

A

tracheal

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17
Q

what is plastron?

A

Hairs that are hydrophobic. They are arranged into a tight arrangement and in between the hairs is air which is what the insect breathes. Functions as a gill.

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18
Q

How is O2 transported in the blood?

A

reversibly binding to hemoglobin

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19
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

as bicarbonate in the plasma

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20
Q

the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is affected by?

A

temperature
ph
co2

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21
Q

Is the partial pressure of CO2 higher in the tissues or in the blood?

A

tissues

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22
Q

True or false

In the lungs, partial pressure of CO2 is higher in blood than in alveolar air

A

True

In the lungs, partial pressure of CO2 is higher in blood than in alveolar air

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23
Q

one Hemoglobin molecule can load how many molecules of O2?

A
  1. The heme group is the binding site.
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24
Q

What factors increase the respiratory rate?

A

conscious effort,
excercise,
large decreases in blood levels of O2,
an increase in levels of CO2 or H

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25
Q

Wat factors inhibit the respiratory rate ?

A

stretching of the lungs during inhalation,
conscious effort(holding ones breath)
sleep

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26
Q

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Cartoid and aortic bodies. Sense mostly O2 in the arteries.

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27
Q

what do central chemoreceptor do ?

A

sense CO2 in the cerebrospinalfluid

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28
Q

what do carotid bodies do?

A

they are the only source of hypoxic ventilatory drive.( detect O2 changes)

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29
Q

where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

medulla oblongata

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30
Q

What animal has the most efficient respiratory system?

A

Fish:)

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31
Q

Does CO2 move better in air or water?

A

water

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32
Q

What is the gas exchanger in fish?

A

secondary lamella

33
Q

What type of ventilation o fish use

A

unidirectional

34
Q

what type of ventilation do mammals use?

A

tidal

35
Q

Why is hemoglobin needed to transport O2?

A

because O2 is very insoluble in plasma water.

36
Q

Is O2 concentration in interstitial fluid and body cells higher or lower than in blood plasma?

A

higher.

37
Q

In breathing animals what dominates control of breathing?

A

CO2

38
Q

In aquatic animals what dominates control of breathing?

A

O2

39
Q

What does ficks law tell us?

A

The amount of O2 you need to obtain depending on your size.

40
Q

High altitude reduces the inspired pressure of oxygen - not the

A

% of oxygen in the atmosphere

41
Q

If you climbed a mountain soooo high that the pressure was above the pressure in your blood, what would this do?

A

You would actually loose oxygen. Not gain.

42
Q

In contrast with air, water can contain varying concentrations of dissolved 02. How does varying seasons affect this?

A

solubility of oxygen depends on temperature Seasons of the year will provide less or more oxygen to the fish.

43
Q

Mammalian respiratory system: In order how does oxygen move from our mouth and then throughout the body:

A
  1. mouth.nose
  2. larynx when the epiglottis is open.
  3. goes to tracea
  4. And then to the bronchi which lead to the two elastic cone shaped …..
  5. lungs
  6. The bronchioles then lead to the alevoli
  7. Alveoli has a ton of capillaries (surface area)
44
Q

Epiglottis:

A

Closes off larynx when swallowing.

45
Q

What does the pleural sac do?

A

Minimizes friction. It covers the lungs! Lollipop diagram!

46
Q

When lung volume increases pressure….

A

Decreases! (boyles law)

47
Q

Diaphram:

A

Muscle that sits under your lungs and contracts.

48
Q

How much oxygen does a fish remove from water and how much oxygen does an animal remove from air?

A

Fish removes 80-90& of oxygen from water and animal gets only 25% from air.

49
Q

What type of ventilation do sharks use?

A

ram ventilation.

50
Q

How does water/oxygen move through a fish?

A
  1. ) Operculum valve shut
  2. ) Mouth opens
  3. Floor of mouth lowered.
  4. Gills remove oxygen from water
  5. CO2 passes out into water
  6. Operculum valve opens
  7. Mouth closes
  8. Floor of mouth raised
  9. Water leaves
51
Q

Countercurrent flow:

A

Water and Blood move in opposite directions

52
Q

Does air go through a more complex route in the bird or in the mammal?

A

The Bird!

53
Q

What is different about the birds lungs from others?

A

It is rigid and do not expand or contract. The air sacs do however!

54
Q

Birds don’t use a diaphragm like we do, what do they use?

A

They rock the sternum which causes the air sacs to contract and expand

55
Q

Why is the amphibian the worst respiratory system?

A

Because large diffusion distance

56
Q

What is main difference in insects for ventilation?

A

Insects do not use blood to transport. They do not have lungs or gills. They have a network of pipes that open outside and move air to every cell.

57
Q

Where do insects breathe?

A

Through the side of their body.

58
Q

How does the trachea in insects and the other tubes avoid collapsing?

A

The exoskeleton goes into trachea to avoid collapse.

59
Q

Smaller insects use—– whereas larger ones use —-

A

diffusion/ventilation

60
Q

What is a physical gill?

A

Some Aquatic insects have a little bobble of water for short term oxygen supply. They still use trachea and everything.

61
Q

What type of insect would you find a tracheal gill?

A

Aquatic insect

62
Q

Why does hemoglobbin have super high affinity for blood in lungs but low in tissues?

A

Because it has a simoidal shape and therefore affinity for oxygen is very high in the lungs and very low in the tissues.

63
Q

Binding of O2 in one site ——- the affinity of the other sites for O2.

A

Increases

64
Q

By the time the haemoglobin reaches the alveoli is it

a. ) totally saturated,
b. ) a little saturated
c. ) or not at all.

A

Totally saturated!

65
Q

O2 unload where —– is high

A

CO2 is high

66
Q

Increase in CO and temperature will do what to the line?

A

Will move the line right.

67
Q

Decrease CO2 and temperature will do what to the line?

A

Will move the line to the left.

68
Q

O2 concentration in interstitial fluid and body cells is ——- than in blood plasma

A

Lower

69
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 is ——- in tissues than in blood

A

higher

70
Q

In the lungs, partial pressure of CO2 is —– in blood than in alveolar air

A

Higher

71
Q

From Body tissues to blood something special can happen to CO2, what is that?

A

It can be transformed into bicarbonate (HCO3-) as well as a H+

72
Q

What is the dissociation curve shape?

A

sigmoidal.

73
Q

What are three types of lung receptors?

A
  1. Stretch receptors
  2. Irritant, pain and temperature receptors
  3. Juxtacapillary receptors
74
Q

What is an example of a stretch receptor?

A

Hering-Breure inflation reflex

75
Q

What is an example of irritant, pain and temperature receptors?

A

Coughing

76
Q

What is an example of juxtacapillary receptors?

A

engorgement of capillaries  dyspnea (sensation of difficulty breathing)

77
Q

If the peripheral chemoreceptors sense that the body is not doing good what does it do?

A

send signal and increase ventilation
and increase arterial pressure

78
Q

Do we respond stonger to CO2 or O2 changes?

A

CO2 changes.

79
Q

For people without carotid bodies what happens when the level of oxygen changes?

A

They cannot respond. healthy people with carotid bodies will start to breathe faster in a situation where oxygen is depleted.

BIO 224 (5 decks)

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