metabolism

Question 1

what is hypoglycaemia?

Answer 1

an inadequate supply of glucose to the brain

Question 2

What are the negative effects of hypoglycaemia?

Answer 2

Effects can range from mild dysphoria, seizures, unconsciousness, permanent brain damage or death;

Question 3

What is Hyperglycemia

Answer 3

Excessively high blood glucose

Question 4

What are the negative effects of hyperglycaemia?

Answer 4

leads to cell dehydration. can cause cataract in the eyes.

Question 5

Does Glycogen affect osmotic pressure?

Answer 5

NO!

Question 6

where is glycogen found?

Answer 6

Glial cells and Liver

Question 7

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 7

The production of glucose from a non sugar source.

Question 8

glycogenolysis

Answer 8

breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose

Question 9

Muscle glycogen is used for what?

Answer 9

internal use. (muscles)

Question 10

Fatty acids cannot be made into glycogen, but what can?

Answer 10

glycerol. backbone of fatty acid

Question 11

What does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 11

epinephrine

Question 12

what does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 12

glucocorticoids cortisol/corticosterone

Question 13

What does the pituitary secrete?

Answer 13

GH

Question 14

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 14

• T3 &T4

Question 15

In the pancreas there is Islets of Langerhans are scattered in great numbers throughout. What doe the alpha and beta cells release>

Answer 15

alpha cells-glucagon

beta-insulin

Question 16

when is insulin released?

Answer 16

when blood glucose is high

Question 17

When is glucagon released?

Answer 17

when blood glucose is low

Question 18

What are acute side effects of prolonged high blood sugar

Answer 18

High blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger;
– Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma;

Question 19

What are severe side effects of prolonged high blood sugar(diabetes mellitus)

Answer 19

Long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes

Question 20

What are the 3 types of diabetes?

Answer 20

Type 1 - pancreas fail to produce enough insulin;
Type 2 - insulin resistance;
– Cells fail to respond to insulin;
Gestational diabetes - pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood-sugar level.

Question 21

Diabetes is disease of the ______ system in which _____ is deficient or cells become resistant to it.

Answer 21

endocrine, insulin

Question 22

When insulin is released what does it increase?

Answer 22

1. production of glycogen
2. lipid synthesis
3. esterfication of fatty acids
4. amino acid uptake

Question 23

When insulin is released what does it decrease>

Answer 23

1. proteolysis
2. lypolysis
3. gluconeogensis

Question 24

Cholesterol is a presursor for what 6 other hormones?

Answer 24

• estradiol
• cortisol
• aldesterone
• testosterone
• progesterone
• pregegonal

Question 25

what corticoids does the adrenal cortex release?

Answer 25

– Mineralocorticoids – aldosterone – zona glomerulosa;
– Glucocorticoids – cortisol & corticosterone – zona fasciculata;
– Sex steroids – androgens – zona reticularis;

Question 26

adrenal medulla

Answer 26

Catecholamines:
– Epinephrine (adrenalin); &
– Nor-epineprhine (nor-adrenalin)

Question 27

catabolic hormones do what?

Answer 27

promote tissue breakdown. example glucocortecoids

Question 28

what is the dual role of the adrenal gland?

Answer 28

Epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla stimulates glyconolysis. Then Cortisol - a glucocorticoid - is released from the adrenal cortex. this makes glucose from amino acids and glycerol.