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BIO 224 > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

MAP(mean arterial pressure)

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

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2
Q

Veins serve as a _____ ______ and ____ ______ to the heart.

A

pressure resevioirs

return blood

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3
Q

Arterioles are major ______ vessels

A

resistance

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4
Q

What are the components of a a circulatory system?

A
  1. FLUID that carries that carries transported molecules and cells
  2. a PUMP to move the fluids
  3. VESSELS to carry fluid between the pump and the body fluid
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5
Q

Open circulatory system

A

hemolymph moves through vessels that open into extracellular space.

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6
Q

closed systems

A

-Blood is pumped from a heart through vessels that
return blood to the heart
-Capillaries are the primary structure distinguishing a closed from an open system

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7
Q

Blood + interstitial fluid=

A

Haemolymph

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8
Q

What are disadvantages of an open system?

A

Limited ability to alter the velocity or distribution of blood flow. Also low rate of oxygen transfer

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9
Q

What animal has parallel circulation?

A

amphibians

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10
Q

What animal has single circulation?

A

Fish

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11
Q

What animal has double circulation?

A

mammals, birds and crocodiles

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12
Q

What is an important characteristic of Double circulation?

A

Complete separation of pulmonary and systemic blood

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13
Q

What are the advantages of double circulation

A

Systemic circulation can operate at a high arterial pressure so that flow can be selective to organs and tissues
• Pulmonary circulation is a low pressure, low resistance circuit so that fluids wont go into your lungs

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14
Q

What are the advantages of parallel circulation?

A

Cardiac output (ml/min) can be different in
systemic and pulmocutaneous circulations
• Adapted to periodic ventilation - blood diverted to lung while breathing and away from lung during apnea.

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15
Q

What is the disadvantage of parallel circulation?

A

Single ventricle produces relatively low blood pressure

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16
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart. serve as pressure reservoir

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17
Q

Arterioles

A

(small branches of arteries) deliver blood to

capillaries

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18
Q

Capillaries

A

exchange material with interstitial fluid

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19
Q

venules

A

collect blood from capillaries

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20
Q

Veins

A

return blood to the heart

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21
Q

lymphatic system

A

Remove viruses, bacteria, damaged cells and cellular debris from lymph and blood stream.
Defends the body against infection and cancer

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22
Q

What are the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils

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23
Q

what is the heart beat produced of?

A

by a cycle of contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles

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24
Q

Membrane potential of pacemaker cells slowly

depolarizes due to:

A
  • Increased inward Na+ current
  • Decreased outward K+ current
  • Increased inward Ca2+ current
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25
Q

blood is pumped into what two separate circuits?

A

-Pulmonary circuit (right heart)

– Systemic circuit (left heart)

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26
Q

systolic pressure

A

Contraction of ventricles pushes blood into

arteries at peak pressure

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27
Q

diastolic pressure

A

Between contractions, blood pressure in arteries

falls to a minimum pressure

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28
Q

Thick, muscular myocardium is sandwiched between ______ and _______

A

endocardium and epicardium

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29
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

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30
Q

QRS Complex

A

ventricle depolarization

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31
Q

T wave

A

Ventricle repolarization

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32
Q

on a ECG where are periods of no current flow?

A

PR segment, ST segment, TR interval

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33
Q

Arteries’ elasticity enables them to _______ during

ventricular systole

A

expand

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34
Q

what is the driving force for continued flow of blood during diastole

A

Elastic recoil

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35
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

Maximum pressure exerted on the arteries. average in humans in 120mmHg

36
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

Minimum pressure averages 80

mmHg

37
Q

Cardiac output

A

is a measure of blood flow into the arterial system. Blood flow is directly proportional to pressure (Flow = pressure/resistance), therefore an increase in flow (cardiac output) will cause a proportional increase in pressure (MAP)

38
Q

TPA

A

The TPA refers to the vascular resistance to the flow of blood in the systemic circulation.

39
Q

Cardiac output

A

Heart rate(beats/minute) x stoke volume( ml/beat)

40
Q

hemodynamic flow law

Q(blood flow)=

A

ΔP/R

41
Q

vasoconstriction

A

results from smooth muscle contraction -> decreased radius, increased resistance

42
Q

vasodilation

A

results from smooth muscle relaxation -> increased radius, decreased resistance

43
Q

Amount of blood flow received by each organ is determined by?

A

the number and diameter of its arterioles

44
Q

local(intrinsic) controls

A

are changes within a tissue that alter the radii of arterioles

45
Q

Extrinsic control

A

includes neural and hormonal influences with the sympathetic nervous system dominating

46
Q

baroreceptors

A

sense stretch of elastic artery wall in systole

47
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it gets oxygenated and returns blood back to the heart

48
Q

systematic circulation

A

Circulation of blood throughout the body through the arteries, capillaries, and veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to various tissues and return venous blood to the right atrium.

49
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

carry o2 poor blood from hearts right half to capillary beds in lung

50
Q

pulmonary veins

A

return oxygenated blood to hearts left half.

51
Q

High gill resistance to blood flow means

A

further large pressure drop at gills

52
Q

veins and venues serve as what?

A

pressure resovoirs in addition to conduits of the heart.

53
Q

velocity of blood flow is inversely related to

A

total cross sectional area

54
Q

During early ventricular systole what makes the first heart sound?

A

the shutting of AV valves. Pressure in the ventricles increase above the atria forcing av valve to close.

55
Q

During ventricle ejection what forces the semilunar valves to open?

A

during systole ventricle contract further and increased ventricle pressure forces the semi lunar valves open.

56
Q

What produces the second heart beat sound?

A

As ventricular diastole begins ventricular pressure drops and semi lunar valves shut, producing the second heart beat sound. Av are also closed at this time because ventricle pressure exceeds atrial pressure.

57
Q

What happens in late ventricular diastole?

A

the atria contract, forcing blood outward and completing the filling of the ventricles.

58
Q

what happens in early ventricular systole?

A

filled ventricles begin to contract, pressure in in ventricles increases above that in the atria forcing AV valves shut. the shutting of the valve produces the first heart sound.

59
Q

what happens during ventricle ejection?

A

as systole continues, the ventricles contract further, and increased ventricle pressure forces the semi lunar valves to open. blood is forced out of the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

60
Q

What happens in early diastole?

A

ventricular pressure drops and Semi lunar valves Shut(producing second heart sound). for a time ventricle pressure exceeds atrial pressure so the AV valve is closed. as the ventricular pressure continues to drop the AV valves open. This returns to the starting point in the cardiac cycle.

61
Q

What happens in the middle of ventricular diastole ?

A

AV valves are open, blood flows from atria into ventricles. ventricular volume rises slowly.

62
Q

What animal has the simplest circulatory system?

A

Sponges and sea anenomes

63
Q

What side is the pulmonary circuit on?

A

right heart

64
Q

What side is systemic circuit on?

A

Left heart

65
Q

Semilunar valve is between

A

ventricles and aorta/pulmonary arteies

66
Q

AV valves is between

A

Atria and ventricles

67
Q

What does the superior vena cava do?

A

Returns blood from head, upper limbs

68
Q

Right pulmonary veins do what?

A

Return blood from lungs

69
Q

Pulmonary arteries pump blood to

A

Lungs

70
Q

Left pulmonary veins return blood from

A

lungs

71
Q

Inferior Vena Cava returns blood from

A

trunk and legs

72
Q

Sinoatrial nodes are the hearts…..

A

natural pacemaker

73
Q

PR segment represents

A

AV nodal delay

74
Q

ST segment represents

A

plateau phase

75
Q

TP interval represents

A

Passive ventricular filling while all chambers are at rest

76
Q

When does the AV valve close?

A

When the ventricular pressure exceeds the atrial pressure.

77
Q

When does the AV valve open again?

A

when the ventricular pressure dips below the atrial pressure.

78
Q

When does semilunar valve open?

A

when the ventricular pressure exceeds that of the aorta.

79
Q

When does semilunar valve close?

A

When the ventricular pressure dips below the aortic pressure

80
Q

When does ventricular systole happen?

A

happens during the first sound and the ejection phase.

81
Q

When does ventricular diastole happen?

A

during second sounds and ventricular filling phase.

82
Q

What does renin regulate long term?

A

Mean arterial pressure

83
Q

Atrial Naturetic Peptide (ANP) regulation of

A

sodium, blood volume and ultimately artieral blood pressure

84
Q

Vasopressin regulation of

A

blood volume and artieral pressure

85
Q

What is the flow of renin? From kidney to A2 what does it do?

A
  1. Kidney is triggered by synpathetic stimulation, hypotension or decreased sodium and release renin into blood stream.
  2. Renin binds to Angiotensinogen, a peptide that circulates in the blood. This forms A1
  3. A1 is not a true hormone but goes to lungs where its combines with ACE and forms A2 a true hormone.
  4. The ultimate affect of A2 is to raise arterial pressure.
86
Q

Two ways regulate blood pressure:

A
  1. Baroreceptor

2. Hormonal

BIO 224 (5 decks)

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