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Body systems > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Acetyl cysteine, recombinant human DNAse are examples of what, and what is their action

A

Mucolytics

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2
Q

What type of cells produce surfactant?

A

type two alveolar

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3
Q

An FEV1/FVC ratio >0.7 indicates a

A

Restrictive

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4
Q

An increase in pH with a decrease in temperature and a decrease in DPG concentration shifts the Hb-O2 dissociation curve to the

A

Left

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5
Q

Anti IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab) inhibits

A

Binding of ige to mast cells

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6
Q

Antimuscarinics are more effective than Beta-2 agonists in the treatment of

A

COPD

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7
Q

d02 value?

A

1000ml/min

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8
Q

V02 at rest?

A

250ml/min

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9
Q

At rest work of breathing is what % of expenditure

A

2-5%

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10
Q

Exercising breathing is what % of expenditure?

A

30%

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11
Q

Increased blood pressure will lead to a what in ventilation?

A

Decrease

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12
Q

Basic structure of haemoglobin (rule of 4)

A 
4 x globin chains (141-146 AAs per chain)
4 x haem groups
4 x iron atoms
and binds
4 x O2 molecules
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13
Q

Branching during development is associated with interaction of the

A

overlying visceral mesoderm

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14
Q

Breath sounds generated

A

large airways

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15
Q

cheyne stokes respiration is characterised by

A

progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea.

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16
Q

CO is poisonous as

A

Extremely high affinity for haemoglobin

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17
Q

CO2 is approximately how much more soluble in water than oxygen

A

24 times more soluble

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18
Q

Compliance is defined as

A

the change in lung volume per unit of change in intrathoracic pressure

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19
Q

Continued injury to infant lungs as a result of RDS may result in

A

Detachment of alveolar lining

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

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20
Q

Dalton’s law is defined as

A

The partial pressure of a gas in a gas mixture = total pressure x fractional concentration of the gas

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21
Q

Increased compliance is seen in what disease?

A

Emphysema

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22
Q

Diseases with decreased compliance

A

circumferential burns, kyphosocliosis, fibrosis

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23
Q

Emphysema is the process of

A

widespread destruction and dilatation of distal airways due to chronic inflammation; leads to significant reduction in gas exchange

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24
Q

Epithelial lining of bronchioles

A

Cuboidal

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25
Q

trachea and bronchi lining

A

Columnar

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26
Q

Peak of V02

A

2-3years

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27
Q

Flow is affected most by what?

A

radius of lumen

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28
Q

FRC =

A

ERV+RV

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29
Q

FRC typical volume

A

2500ml

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30
Q

How much does work increase by from laminar to turbulent flow?

A

2X

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31
Q

If the closing capacity exceeds FRC, the alveoli will be

A

Under perfused

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32
Q

Fully humidified air at 37c 02 has a value of what

A

19.95kpa

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33
Q

In restrictive condition how is work of breathing minimised?

A

quick shallow breathing

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34
Q

expiratory effort uses what muscles?

A

abdo, and internal intercostals

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35
Q

infant respiratory distress syndrome is due to what?

A

lack of surfactant

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36
Q

Inhaled corticosteroids, although 1st line regular asthma therapy, have what adverse effects

A

Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome
Hoarse throat
Inhibition of hypothalamic pituitary axis

37
Q

innervation to the diaphragm

A

C3,4,5

38
Q

Which receptors lie close to capillary walls around alveolar triggered by trauma and increase what

A

J-receptors - increase ventilation

39
Q

Lungs from which layer of the mesoderm

A

Endoderm

40
Q

Mast cell stabilisers such as cromolyn, nedocromil, inhibit

A

no effect on smooth muscle inhibit mast cell contents

41
Q

mean pulmonary capillary PO2 is very difficult to measure, what measurement is used in replacement?

A

CO diffusing capacity

42
Q

What is minute volume?

A

Tidal volume X breathinf frequency

43
Q

what is oxygen saturation?

A

Hb02 / HHB+Hb02

44
Q

Partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli is lower than in air because

A

Inspired air is humidified in the upper airway

In the alveoli oxygen is taken up while carbon dioxide is added

The body consumes more O2 molecules than it produces CO2 molecules (typically 1.25 x)

45
Q

Before what week is survival of a foetus unlikely due to lack of lung development?

A

week 26

46
Q

pressure is proportional to

A

1/V

47
Q

Restrictive lung diseases have what reduced volumes/capacities

A

RV, FRC, VC, TLC

48
Q

Rapid distention of the abdomen could indicate what?

A

treacheoosophageal fistula

49
Q

Small (0.5-3 μm) particles like Particulate pollution, stone dust, asbestos are deposited via sedimentation in the

A

BRONCHIOLES

50
Q

Surfactant is made up of what?

A

90% phospholipid and 10% protein

51
Q

Surfactant Protein B deficiency is

A

fatal, even with surfactant treatment

52
Q

terminal bronchioles form by what week in development

A

16

53
Q

Alveolar dead space defined as

A

Good ventilation but no perfusion

54
Q

Apices of lungs are how much bigger than what base

A

4X

55
Q

BBB relies on what to inform its oxygenation status?

A

CO2

56
Q

The dorsal respiratory group has neurones that

A

inspiration

57
Q

The higher brain centres influence breathing via two methods:

A

cortical - voluntary hyperventilation/breath holding

hypothalamic - triggered by emotions or sensory reflexes to pain or cold

58
Q

Hypoxic drive?

A

Uses low 02 to drive breathing

59
Q

The influence of the pons on the medulla oblongata is by the action of two centres signalling to the dorsal respiratory group, what are they?

A

Apneustic- Stimulates

Pneumpotaxic- inhibit (toxic)

60
Q

Law of laplace ?

A

Balloons! P= 2t/r, where t = surface tension

61
Q

Week five of lung development =

A

secondary bronchi

62
Q

which histogenesis period of the lungs has primitive alveoli, occurs from week 26 to birth, and has the development of a blood-air barrier beginning the production of surfactant

A

terminal sac

63
Q

Which histogenesis period occurs 16-25 weeks, has respiratory bronchioles, vascularised mesodermal tissue

A

canilicular

64
Q

What part of the respiratory system appears at week 4 of embryological development

A

Ventral bud of lung from foregut

65
Q

haldane effect

A

deoxygenated can carry more co2

66
Q

What is the cause and mechanism of Methaemoglobin

A

drug induced

metHb does not carry oxygen due to a defective Fe3+ mechanism

67
Q

Plumonary agenisis

A

one or two sides fail of the lungs (both sides is fatal)

68
Q

VC=

A

IRV ERV and TV

69
Q

Tidal volume at rest?

A

350ml

70
Q

typical irv

A

3000ml

71
Q

typical erv

A

1500ml

72
Q

typical VC

A

5l

73
Q

typical residual

A

1000ml

74
Q

13.3kpa

A

partial pressur in alveoli

75
Q

typical co2 partial pressur ein alveoli

A

5.3kpa

76
Q

TLC =

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

77
Q

3x co2 carriage in blood

A

Dissolved
Carbamino compounds (bound to R-NH2 groups on protein)
As carbonic acid/bicarbonate (mostly carried like this)

78
Q

The ventral respiratory group has neurones which fire

A

inspiration and expiration

79
Q

tense state of haemoglobin is

A

deoxygenated

80
Q

Protons formed from bicarb are buffered by what

A

Hb

81
Q

The partial pressure of a gas in solution is

A

inversely proprotional to its solubility

82
Q

on inspiration the PA and PB are related how?

A

PB>PA air drawn in

83
Q

on expiration the PA and PB are related how?

A

PA>PB air out

84
Q

IgG is found where?

A

Small airways

85
Q

IgA is found where?

A

Nose and large airways

86
Q

What zone is alveolar dead space in?

A

1

87
Q

Huffner constant

A

amount of 02 Hb can carry

88
Q

An fev1/fvc ratio less than 0.7 indicates what?

A

obstructive condition

Body systems (4 decks)

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