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GI Flashcards

1
Q

Disulphiram (antabuse)

A

Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

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2
Q

Intraepithelial lymphocytes contain mainly what cell from the adaptive immune response

A

CD8+ TCells

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3
Q

Metformin does what (biguinides)

A

Supressing glucose production

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4
Q

Prostaglandin inhibits parietal cell secretion by

A

Binding and subsequent activation of an inhibitory G protein (Gi), which in turn inhibits activation of adenylate cyclase

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5
Q

Smoking may help what GI disease

A

UC

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6
Q

What IBD has histological findings of Crypt abscesses, loss of goblet cells, mucosal or submucosal inflammation and gland preservation

A

UC

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7
Q

What IBD would have histological findings of Granulomas, transmural inflammation, gland preservation and aphthous ulceration

A

Crohns

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8
Q

What is bilirubin conjugated with in the liver, and what does it form after transport to the gut via bile?

A

Glucoronic acid

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9
Q

Diabetic retinopathy mechanism?

A

Damaged basement membrane & increased permeability of retinal capillaries leading to small haemorrhages. New vessel formation, possibly due to hypoxia from tissue disturbances.

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10
Q

Two ways nerves affected by diabetes?

A

Damage to the small blood vessels surrounding the sheath

Accumulation of sorbitol and fructose in schwann cells which disrupts function and structure, and leads to demyelination

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11
Q

What would you look for in an endoscopic biopsy to determine Coeliac disease

A

villous atrophy

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12
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Mixing of foodstuffs with digestive enzymes

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13
Q

What is the migrating motor complex?

A

Clearance of residual substances

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14
Q

Where is meckels diverticulum found?

A

Ileum

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15
Q

Where are plicae circulares found?

A

jejunum

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16
Q

After rotation what happens to the vitelline duct?

A

It degenerates

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17
Q

Lesser omentum is derived from where?

A

Dorsal mesentary

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18
Q

parasympathetic stimulation produces what type of saliva?

A

Watery

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19
Q

Sympathetic saliva?

A

Mucous and thick

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20
Q

Regarding insulin secretion what does somatostatin do?

A

Supresses insulin secretion

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21
Q

What can be used as a marker of endogenous insulin production?

A

C-peptide

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22
Q

Glucagon-like intestinal peptide 1 (GLP-1) does what?

A

Secreted from the gut and drives insulin production

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23
Q

What does glucagon do in the liver?

A

Increases gluconeogenisis

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24
Q

What increases membrane levels of glut 4?

A

Insulin

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25
The rate limiting step in the urea cycle is?
Carbomoyl phosphate synthase
26
Ghrelin does what in the stomach?
Released to enhance hunger
27
Leptin is released from where and does what>
Adipocytes to supress hunger
28
Alpha malanocyte stimulating hormone does what?
Acts in hypothalamus to supress hunger
29
Neuropeptide Y does what?
Acts in hypothalamus to stimulate hunger
30
Peptide YY is released where and does what?
Colon, to supress hunger, also colonic brake
31
gastrin is a homologue of what?
CCK
32
What is growth hoirmone
peptide hormone
33
growth hormone affects plasma glucose how?
tend to increase
34
what level is the rectosigmoid junction?
S3
35
T3 and T4 have how many residues of what element
iodine respectively
36
T4 is converted to the more active?
T3
37
Low Thyroid levels can cause what?
Goitre
38
Which hepatitis does not cause cirrhosis?
Hep A
39
Crohns disease is patchy or continuous?
patchy
40
Crypt abscess formation is indicative of what?
UC
41
Inflammation of entire intestinal wall indicative of/
Crohns
42
Toxic megacolon may occur in which condition?
UC
43
Poor wound healing is typical of type what diabetes?
2
44
Glucosuria is accompanied by what in type 1 diabetes>
ketonurea
45
Type one is in south asian populations? ture of false
False usually type 2
46
Family history of diabetes is more common in which type?
2
47
Meckels diverticulum is usually symptomatic in how many cases?
2%
48
Volvulus of the midgut is associated with what?
Billious vomiting
49
Haem is metabolised to billirubin where?
kuppfer cells of liver but also the spleen
50
Uncouplers allow electron transport to continue without what?
Phosphorylation
51
Cyanide inhibits the ETC by doing what?
blocking the release of electrons to oxygen at complex IV
52
NADH donates electrons at complex ...?
I
53
Energy donated by electrons to complexes I III and IV is used to transport what?
H+ ions from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space
54
Liver produces bile in what week?
12
55
Intra epithelia lymphocytes are mainly what type?
CD8
56
Lamina propria contains what types of immune cells
Blympho, cd4 t lympho and mast cells
57
The sphincter of oddi relaxes in response to what?
CCK-z
58
CCK comes from which cells?
I cells
59
CCK A receptor for
CCK
60
Growth hormone is supressed by what?
Somatostatin
61
CCk B receptor for
gastrin
62
what happens in the cori cycle?
Lactic acid is sent back to the liver to be made into glucose
63
Hexokinase does what for what reason?
converts glucose into glucose-6 phosphate stops it leaving the cell
64
Aldolase does what to fructose 1,6 biphosphate
splits into 2 X 3C
65
when split into 2 what is the useful 3C product?
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
66
ATP is generated when in glycolysis?
making 3 phospho glycerate and when making pyruvate!
67
irreversible steps of glycolysis?
hexokinase, phophofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
68
how many ATP from aerobic glycolysis?
2ATP per glucose
69
absence of oxygen pyruvate =
lactate then cori cycle to become pyruvate again then glucose
70
glucose 6 phosphate to glucose 1 phosphate is what?
glycogen synthesis
71
is atp require to converts glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate/6 phosphate in liver and koidney?
No!
72
High insulin stimulates what?
glycolysis
73
high glucagon inhibits?
glycolysis
74
carnitine transports fatty acids where?
across mitochondiral membrane
75
one palmitoyl coa produces how many ATP
108!!
76
ketone bodies are formed from what?
excess acety coA in mitochondria of liver
77
the brain can use ketone bodies true or false?
true
78
what stage of cholersterol sye?nthesis control the rat
acetyl coa to mevalonate
79
cytosol and smooth ER are sites for what syntesis>
cholesterol
80
can cholesterol be broken down?
no only excretedd in faecaes
81
foam cells do what?
eat fats create plaques
82
Apoe 4 increases risk of what?
alzheimers
83
ethanol produces large amounts of what?
NADH
84
turnover of ATP is how ,much?
75kg/day
85
uncouplers can be weak what?
Acids
86
can NADH cross inner membrane
no
87
NAdh is oxidised in the cytosol and reduced in the?
matrix
88
energy from proton gradients is used to do what in the ETC
phosphorylate ADP
89
which hormone is released pulsatile
Growth hormone and at night
90
diabetogenic affects seen in what?
growth hormone

Body systems (4 decks)

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