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GI Flashcards

1
Q

Disulphiram (antabuse)

A

Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

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2
Q

Intraepithelial lymphocytes contain mainly what cell from the adaptive immune response

A

CD8+ TCells

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3
Q

Metformin does what (biguinides)

A

Supressing glucose production

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4
Q

Prostaglandin inhibits parietal cell secretion by

A

Binding and subsequent activation of an inhibitory G protein (Gi), which in turn inhibits activation of adenylate cyclase

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5
Q

Smoking may help what GI disease

A

UC

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6
Q

What IBD has histological findings of Crypt abscesses, loss of goblet cells, mucosal or submucosal inflammation and gland preservation

A

UC

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7
Q

What IBD would have histological findings of Granulomas, transmural inflammation, gland preservation and aphthous ulceration

A

Crohns

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8
Q

What is bilirubin conjugated with in the liver, and what does it form after transport to the gut via bile?

A

Glucoronic acid

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9
Q

Diabetic retinopathy mechanism?

A

Damaged basement membrane & increased permeability of retinal capillaries leading to small haemorrhages. New vessel formation, possibly due to hypoxia from tissue disturbances.

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10
Q

Two ways nerves affected by diabetes?

A

Damage to the small blood vessels surrounding the sheath

Accumulation of sorbitol and fructose in schwann cells which disrupts function and structure, and leads to demyelination

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11
Q

What would you look for in an endoscopic biopsy to determine Coeliac disease

A

villous atrophy

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12
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Mixing of foodstuffs with digestive enzymes

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13
Q

What is the migrating motor complex?

A

Clearance of residual substances

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14
Q

Where is meckels diverticulum found?

A

Ileum

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15
Q

Where are plicae circulares found?

A

jejunum

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16
Q

After rotation what happens to the vitelline duct?

A

It degenerates

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17
Q

Lesser omentum is derived from where?

A

Dorsal mesentary

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18
Q

parasympathetic stimulation produces what type of saliva?

A

Watery

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19
Q

Sympathetic saliva?

A

Mucous and thick

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20
Q

Regarding insulin secretion what does somatostatin do?

A

Supresses insulin secretion

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21
Q

What can be used as a marker of endogenous insulin production?

A

C-peptide

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22
Q

Glucagon-like intestinal peptide 1 (GLP-1) does what?

A

Secreted from the gut and drives insulin production

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23
Q

What does glucagon do in the liver?

A

Increases gluconeogenisis

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24
Q

What increases membrane levels of glut 4?

A

Insulin

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25
Q

The rate limiting step in the urea cycle is?

A

Carbomoyl phosphate synthase

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26
Q

Ghrelin does what in the stomach?

A

Released to enhance hunger

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27
Q

Leptin is released from where and does what>

A

Adipocytes to supress hunger

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28
Q

Alpha malanocyte stimulating hormone does what?

A

Acts in hypothalamus to supress hunger

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29
Q

Neuropeptide Y does what?

A

Acts in hypothalamus to stimulate hunger

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30
Q

Peptide YY is released where and does what?

A

Colon, to supress hunger, also colonic brake

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31
Q

gastrin is a homologue of what?

A

CCK

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32
Q

What is growth hoirmone

A

peptide hormone

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33
Q

growth hormone affects plasma glucose how?

A

tend to increase

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34
Q

what level is the rectosigmoid junction?

A

S3

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35
Q

T3 and T4 have how many residues of what element

A

iodine respectively

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36
Q

T4 is converted to the more active?

A

T3

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37
Q

Low Thyroid levels can cause what?

38
Q

Which hepatitis does not cause cirrhosis?

39
Q

Crohns disease is patchy or continuous?

40
Q

Crypt abscess formation is indicative of what?

41
Q

Inflammation of entire intestinal wall indicative of/

42
Q

Toxic megacolon may occur in which condition?

43
Q

Poor wound healing is typical of type what diabetes?

44
Q

Glucosuria is accompanied by what in type 1 diabetes>

45
Q

Type one is in south asian populations? ture of false

A

False usually type 2

46
Q

Family history of diabetes is more common in which type?

47
Q

Meckels diverticulum is usually symptomatic in how many cases?

48
Q

Volvulus of the midgut is associated with what?

A

Billious vomiting

49
Q

Haem is metabolised to billirubin where?

A

kuppfer cells of liver but also the spleen

50
Q

Uncouplers allow electron transport to continue without what?

A

Phosphorylation

51
Q

Cyanide inhibits the ETC by doing what?

A

blocking the release of electrons to oxygen at complex IV

52
Q

NADH donates electrons at complex …?

53
Q

Energy donated by electrons to complexes I III and IV is used to transport what?

A

H+ ions from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space

54
Q

Liver produces bile in what week?

55
Q

Intra epithelia lymphocytes are mainly what type?

56
Q

Lamina propria contains what types of immune cells

A

Blympho, cd4 t lympho and mast cells

57
Q

The sphincter of oddi relaxes in response to what?

58
Q

CCK comes from which cells?

59
Q

CCK A receptor for

60
Q

Growth hormone is supressed by what?

A

Somatostatin

61
Q

CCk B receptor for

62
Q

what happens in the cori cycle?

A

Lactic acid is sent back to the liver to be made into glucose

63
Q

Hexokinase does what for what reason?

A

converts glucose into glucose-6 phosphate stops it leaving the cell

64
Q

Aldolase does what to fructose 1,6 biphosphate

A

splits into 2 X 3C

65
Q

when split into 2 what is the useful 3C product?

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

66
Q

ATP is generated when in glycolysis?

A

making 3 phospho glycerate and when making pyruvate!

67
Q

irreversible steps of glycolysis?

A

hexokinase, phophofructokinase and pyruvate kinase

68
Q

how many ATP from aerobic glycolysis?

A

2ATP per glucose

69
Q

absence of oxygen pyruvate =

A

lactate then cori cycle to become pyruvate again then glucose

70
Q

glucose 6 phosphate to glucose 1 phosphate is what?

A

glycogen synthesis

71
Q

is atp require to converts glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate/6 phosphate in liver and koidney?

72
Q

High insulin stimulates what?

A

glycolysis

73
Q

high glucagon inhibits?

A

glycolysis

74
Q

carnitine transports fatty acids where?

A

across mitochondiral membrane

75
Q

one palmitoyl coa produces how many ATP

76
Q

ketone bodies are formed from what?

A

excess acety coA in mitochondria of liver

77
Q

the brain can use ketone bodies true or false?

78
Q

what stage of cholersterol sye?nthesis control the rat

A

acetyl coa to mevalonate

79
Q

cytosol and smooth ER are sites for what syntesis>

A

cholesterol

80
Q

can cholesterol be broken down?

A

no only excretedd in faecaes

81
Q

foam cells do what?

A

eat fats create plaques

82
Q

Apoe 4 increases risk of what?

A

alzheimers

83
Q

ethanol produces large amounts of what?

84
Q

turnover of ATP is how ,much?

85
Q

uncouplers can be weak what?

86
Q

can NADH cross inner membrane

87
Q

NAdh is oxidised in the cytosol and reduced in the?

88
Q

energy from proton gradients is used to do what in the ETC

A

phosphorylate ADP

89
Q

which hormone is released pulsatile

A

Growth hormone and at night

90
Q

diabetogenic affects seen in what?

A

growth hormone

Body systems (4 decks)

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