Cardio

Question 1

Stroke volume =

Answer 1

End diastolic - End systolic (LV)

Question 2

Ejection fraction =

Answer 2

Stroke volume / End diastolic

Question 3

P wave refers to

Answer 3

atrial depolarisation

Question 4

P-Q signifies what

Answer 4

Delay between SA and AV node

Question 5

QRS represents

Answer 5

Ventricular depolarisation

Question 6

R =

Answer 6

ventricular depolarisation

Question 7

S -T

Answer 7

Full ventricular depolarisation

Question 8

T =

Answer 8

Ventricular repolarisation

Question 9

Raised T waves?

Answer 9

Hyperkalaemia

Question 10

ST elevation?

Answer 10

MI

Question 11

No p waves in what?

Answer 11

AF

Question 12

Systolic ejection murmur?

Answer 12

Aortic stenosis

Question 13

Cardiac output

Answer 13

stroke volume X heart rate

Question 14

Cardiac reserve reduced to what by unreliable atria?

Answer 14

13l

Question 15

Normal cardiac reserve

Answer 15

15l

Question 16

Blood pressure is?

Answer 16

Cardiac output X systemic vascular resistance

Question 17

Main source of energy for the heart?

Answer 17

Fatty acids

Question 18

When calcium binds to the troponin what happens?

Answer 18

Tropomyosin complex forms and moves exposing myosin binding sites.

Question 19

What does TIBE stand for?

Answer 19

Tachy inspire, Brady expire

Question 20

Main pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 20

SA node

Question 21

Secondary pacemaker

Answer 21

AV node

Question 22

backup pacemakers?

Answer 22

Cardiomyoctes

Question 23

What happens in the membarane potential?

Answer 23

Na+ open, Na+ closed,
Ca2+ open, fast K+ close,
Ca2+ close Slow K+ open
- resting

Question 24

What happens at stage 0 of resting membrane?

Answer 24

Na+ open

Question 25

What happens at stage 3 of membrane potential?

Answer 25

Ca2+ close Slow K+ open

Question 26

What happens at stage 2 of membrane potential?

Answer 26

Ca2+ open Fast K+ close

Question 27

Stage 1 of membrane potential?

Answer 27

Na+ close

Question 28

What is active hyperaemia?

Answer 28

Active flow of blood to areas with high metabolic demand

Question 29

What is the frank starling mechanism?

Answer 29

Greater preload increases the output to a sweet spot ;)

Question 30

Left shift of frank starling curve?

Answer 30

Exercise and pharmacological stimulation

Question 31

Right shift in frank starling curve?

Answer 31

Myocardial loss and pharmacological depression

Question 32

Sympathetic stimulation does what (adrenaline noradrenaline)

Answer 32

Stimulates cAMP more Ca2+ enters cell, greater cross bridge linking, starling curve moves to the left .

Question 33

Bowditch effect is what?

Answer 33

HR increases cardiac performance to a point

Question 34

What increases preload?

Answer 34

Higher circulating volume, aortic pressure, lower heart rate due to diastole = longer, high CVP, and lower venous compliance.

Question 35

What is starlings law?

Answer 35

Longer muscle fibre length = increased contraction

Question 36

What is inotropy?

Answer 36

Contractibility

Question 37

What is lusitropy?

Answer 37

Relaxation

Question 38

Chronotropy?

Answer 38

Heart rate (SA node)

Question 39

Dromotropy?

Answer 39

Conduction through AV node

Question 40

Left shift in frank starling increases what?

Answer 40

Pre-load

Question 41

What does NO do?

Answer 41

Relaxation of endothelial cells

Question 42

normal ejection fraction?

Answer 42

50-75%

Question 43

Ejection fraction during exercise?

Answer 43

90%