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Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Stroke volume =

A

End diastolic - End systolic (LV)

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2
Q

Ejection fraction =

A

Stroke volume / End diastolic

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3
Q

P wave refers to

A

atrial depolarisation

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4
Q

P-Q signifies what

A

Delay between SA and AV node

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5
Q

QRS represents

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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6
Q

R =

A

ventricular depolarisation

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7
Q

S -T

A

Full ventricular depolarisation

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8
Q

T =

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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9
Q

Raised T waves?

A

Hyperkalaemia

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10
Q

ST elevation?

A

MI

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11
Q

No p waves in what?

A

AF

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12
Q

Systolic ejection murmur?

A

Aortic stenosis

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13
Q

Cardiac output

A

stroke volume X heart rate

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14
Q

Cardiac reserve reduced to what by unreliable atria?

A

13l

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15
Q

Normal cardiac reserve

A

15l

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16
Q

Blood pressure is?

A

Cardiac output X systemic vascular resistance

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17
Q

Main source of energy for the heart?

A

Fatty acids

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18
Q

When calcium binds to the troponin what happens?

A

Tropomyosin complex forms and moves exposing myosin binding sites.

19
Q

What does TIBE stand for?

A

Tachy inspire, Brady expire

20
Q

Main pacemaker of the heart?

21
Q

Secondary pacemaker

22
Q

backup pacemakers?

A

Cardiomyoctes

23
Q

What happens in the membarane potential?

A

Na+ open, Na+ closed,
Ca2+ open, fast K+ close,
Ca2+ close Slow K+ open
- resting

24
Q

What happens at stage 0 of resting membrane?

25
Q

What happens at stage 3 of membrane potential?

A

Ca2+ close Slow K+ open

26
Q

What happens at stage 2 of membrane potential?

A

Ca2+ open Fast K+ close

27
Q

Stage 1 of membrane potential?

28
Q

What is active hyperaemia?

A

Active flow of blood to areas with high metabolic demand

29
Q

What is the frank starling mechanism?

A

Greater preload increases the output to a sweet spot ;)

30
Q

Left shift of frank starling curve?

A

Exercise and pharmacological stimulation

31
Q

Right shift in frank starling curve?

A

Myocardial loss and pharmacological depression

32
Q

Sympathetic stimulation does what (adrenaline noradrenaline)

A

Stimulates cAMP more Ca2+ enters cell, greater cross bridge linking, starling curve moves to the left .

33
Q

Bowditch effect is what?

A

HR increases cardiac performance to a point

34
Q

What increases preload?

A

Higher circulating volume, aortic pressure, lower heart rate due to diastole = longer, high CVP, and lower venous compliance.

35
Q

What is starlings law?

A

Longer muscle fibre length = increased contraction

36
Q

What is inotropy?

A

Contractibility

37
Q

What is lusitropy?

A

Relaxation

38
Q

Chronotropy?

A

Heart rate (SA node)

39
Q

Dromotropy?

A

Conduction through AV node

40
Q

Left shift in frank starling increases what?

41
Q

What does NO do?

A

Relaxation of endothelial cells

42
Q

normal ejection fraction?

43
Q

Ejection fraction during exercise?

Body systems (4 decks)

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