Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulated by hypoxia, kidneys will initiate

A

erythropoiesis by secretion of the hormone erythropoietin

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2
Q

Pre-renal AKI is caused by

A

inadequate perfusion of kidneys

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3
Q

Retroperitoneal fibrosis, renal stone disease, bladder carcinoma, prostatic enlargement, cervical carcinoma can all cause what type of AK

A

Post renal injury

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4
Q

Erythropioetin is usually required when eGFR

A

less than 15

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5
Q

Hydropnephrosis from ultrasound would indicate what?

A

Post renal AKI

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6
Q

Reference range for creatinine (male)

A

64-104

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7
Q

Nephrotic syndrome?

A

massive proteinuria, hypoalbumin, oedema, lipidurea

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8
Q

Nephritic syndrome is a presentation of glomerular disease and is characterised by

A
haematuria
proteinuria 
hypertension
AKI
throat infection
swollen ankles
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9
Q

Management of CKD

A
BP and cholesterol control
fluid balance
anaemia
bone metabolism
acidaemia
dietary advice
medication review
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10
Q

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is a presentation of glomerular disease and is characterised by

A

acute nephritis
AKI
Joint pains, rash, fevers, red eyes

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11
Q

Metabolic acidosis what anion gap?

A

High or normal

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12
Q

loop diuretics inhibit uptake of ?

A

Sodium, potassium, chloride, water

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13
Q

Side effect of thiazide?

A

Hypovolaemia

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14
Q

Post renal AKI is caused by what?

A

obstruction to the renal tract (anywhere from renal pelvis to urethra)

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15
Q

What part of the nephron is the site of reabsorption for Na+ with H2O and Cl- in exchange for K+ and is controlled by aldosterone?

A

Cortical collecting duct

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16
Q

Benefits, complications and contraindications of peritoneal dialysis

A

Benefits - can be done at home
Complications - peritonitis, sclerosing peritonitis
Contraindications - presence of a hernia, severe arthritis, previous surgery with adhesions

17
Q

Counter current mechanism allows what?

A

Salt and water conservation

18
Q

4 drugs that can accumulate if the kidney has been damaged

A

Antibiotics
Digoxin
Opiates
Lithium

19
Q

Recognition and treatment of hyperkalaemia

A

Peaked T wave on ECG

treat with calcium gluconate, glucose + insulin, withdraw any drugs causing hyperkalaemia, renal replacement therapy

20
Q

kidneys filter how much of cardiac output?

A

25% 2m glomeruli

21
Q

Proximal convulated tubee/ recovers how much filtrat

22
Q

How are the kidneys part of the RAAS

A

secrete renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
as a result, patients with kidney disease often develop high b.p

23
Q

Nephron consists of?

A

glomerulus
renal tubule
interstitium
enveloping vascular network

24
Q

Decreased activation of vitamin D due to kidney disease is a cause of

A

Decreased calcium level and subsequently stimulates secretion of parathyroid hormone (secondary hyperparathyroidism), releasing calcium from the bone, i.e. renal osteodystrophy

25
Contraindication for dialysis?
Severe cardiac failure
26
Tc99 is sued for what?
Exact glomerular filtration rate
27
How is calcium reabsorbed?
the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb reabsorb more than 90% of the filtered Ca2+ by passive processes that is coupled to Na+ reabsorption. Together, the distal tubule and collecting duct reabsorb 8% of the filtered Ca2+ by an active process.
28
Phosphate reabsorbed ?
proximal tubule
29
Amino acids in urine = disease where?
Proximal tubule
30
% of diabetics getting diabetic nephropathy?
20-30%
31
Loop diuretics can cause what?
Hypokalaemia
32
Medullary collecting duct?
Site of urine concentration
33
Regeneration of bicarb dependent on what enzyme?
Carbonic anhydrase (acetazolamide)
34
Where do loop diuretics work?
Ascending limb
35
Spironalactone acts where?
Cortical collecting duct
36
Where do thiazides work?
Distal tubules
37
Amiloride works where?
Cortical collecting