Respiratory-38

Question 1

T/F Because dogs, cats, and pigs don’t sweat through their skin, the respiratory system plays an important role in regulation temperature.

Answer 1

t

Question 2

What are the four major functions of respiration

Answer 2

Mechanics of pulmonary ventilation (movement of air into and out of lungs AKA breathing

Diffusion of O2 and CO2 btw alveoli and blood

Transport of O2 and CO2 in bood and body fluids

Regulation of ventilation

Question 3

What are some accessory muscles and when are they used?

Answer 3

Sternoclediomastoid
Scalenus

Contract only during forceful inspiration

Question 4

What are the major muscles of inspiration and when are they used?

Answer 4

External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm

Contract every inspiration; relaxtion and causes passive expiration

Question 5

What are muscles of active respiration and when are they used?

Answer 5

Internal intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles

Contract only during active respiration

Question 6

1 cm H20 equals

Answer 6

0.75 mmHg

Question 7

Relationship between lung volume and pleural pressure

Answer 7

Pleural pressure is the pressure of fluid in the narrow space btw the lung pleura and chest wall pleura.

As lung volume increases, pleural pressure decreases to allow lungs to expand.

Question 8

What is alveolar pressure

Answer 8

Pressure of air inside the lung alveoli.

Has a range of +1 (expiration) 0 (no air) -1 (inspiration)

As lung volume increases, inspire (-1 ->0->+1)
As lung volume decreases, expire (+1->0->-1)

Question 9

What is transpulmonary pressure

Answer 9

The difference between the alveolar pressure and pleural pressure.

A measure of the elastic forces that tend to collapse the lungs

Question 10

What is compliance of lungs?

Answer 10

Extent to which lungs expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure

Question 11

What determines the compliance of lungs?

• ->What contributes to the majority of compliance?
• What greatly increases surface tension elastic forces of lungs?

Answer 11

Elastic forces of lung tissue (elastin and collagen)

Elastic forces caused by surface tension of fluids that line the inside wall of alveoli.

• ->2/3 of total elastic force of lungs
• ->Elastic forces increase if surfactant is not present in alveolar fluid.

Question 12

Explain surface tension elastic force in alveoli

Answer 12

Inner surface of alveoli is lined with water that attempts to contract to force air out through bronchi.

Water surface is always attempting to contract (think of what holds rain drops together)

Question 13

T/F Surfactant increases surface tension of water

Answer 13

F

Decreases

Question 14

What secretes surfactant?

Answer 14

Type II alveolar epithelial cells

Question 15

Structure of surfactant

Answer 15

hydrophilic portion dissolved in water. Hydrophobic portion in air. Causes 1/12 to 1/2 surface tension in water.

Question 16

Formula for calculating pressure in alveoli. What can you conclude about this? How is a lung more likely to collapse.

Answer 16

Pressure= 2 X Surface tension/ Radius of alveoli

The smaller the alveolus, the greater the surface tension pressure.

The smaller the alveoli, the more likely lung will collapse.

Question 17

What is tidal volume

Answer 17

Volume of air inspired or expired with each breath

Question 18

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 18

Maximum extra volume of air that can be inspired above tidal volume

Question 19

What is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 19

Maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of normal tidal volume

Question 20

What is residual volume

Answer 20

Volume of air remaining in lungs after the most forceful expiration.`

Question 21

What is inspiratory capacity

Answer 21

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Question 22

What is functional residual capacity

Answer 22

Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume

Question 23

What is vital capacity

Answer 23

Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory volume.

Question 24

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 24

Maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort

Question 25

Where does gas exchange take places in the lungs?

Answer 25

Alveoli
Alveolar sacs
Alveolar ducts
Bronchioles

Question 26

Where does air reach during normal quiet respiration.

What is the exception?

Answer 26

Volume of air in tidal air only fills passageway down as far as terminal bronchioles with only a small amount of inspiration flowing all the way into the alveoli.

Exception: Avian respiratory system

Question 27

How to calculate alveolar ventilation

Answer 27

Tidal volume X frequency

Question 28

What is anatomic dead space air.

Give examples

Answer 28

Air that fills respiratory passages with no gas exchange

=Nose, pharynx, trachea

Question 29

What is physiologic dead space

Answer 29

Anatomic + nonfunctional alveoli

Question 30

How can you calculate volume of alveolar ventilation/min

Answer 30

Frequency of respiration X (tidal volume- physiologic dead space)

Question 31

T/F Bronchial ventilation is one of the major factors determining the concentration of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli

Answer 31

F

Alveolar ventilation

Question 32

What keeps the bronchioles open?

Answer 32

Transpulmonary pressure that expands alveoli

Question 33

What are the functions of the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 33

Cartilagenous structures that keep airways open. Provides structure.

Question 34

Explain sympathetic response with bronchioles

Answer 34

B2 adrenergic receptors causes brochoDILATION

Question 35

Explain parasympathetic response with bronchioles.

->Anatgonized by

Answer 35

Vagus n in lung parenchyma and Achl actiavetes muscarinic receptors abd causes bronchoCONSTRICTION
->Antagonized by atropine

Question 36

What are released by mast cells during allergic rxns to cause bronchiole constriction?

Answer 36

Histamine
Lenkotrienes (slow reactive substances of anaphylaxis)

Receptors=GCPR

Question 37

Explain mucuous lining of respiratory passageway and cilia

Answer 37

Lining of passageway from nose to bronchioles is kept moist by layer of mucus thx to goblet cells.

Mucus helps trap small particles out of inspired air

Ciliated epithelium lines surface of respiratory passageway beating towards pharynx to clear the mucus (swallow or coughed out)