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Fundamentals > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

which side of the lungs has 3 lobes, name them

A

right and their named superior, middle, and inferior

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2
Q

List the structures of upper resp

A

nasopharynx (septum, turbinates), oropharynx(hard, soft palate, uvula), and hypopharynx (laryngo, connector)

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3
Q

list structures of the lower resp

A

trachea (larynx) bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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4
Q

how many branches of bronchi are there

A

right and left bronchi, to the lobar bronchi, to segmented, to subsegmented, to 16x divisions..to TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE, TO respiratory bronchioles

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5
Q

What are the three steps in respiration

A
  1. ventilation (bringing O2 to capillaries) 2. Diffusion (O2 diffuses across blood, CO2 back to lungs) 3. Perfusion (O2 circulated to tissues)
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6
Q

Although the upper respiratory structures are good at warming, humidifying, and filtering- which one has the least filtering capability

A

the oral route

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7
Q

What are three functions that occur in the upper respiratory tract

A

removes foreign substances aka Filters, (warms & humidifies),

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8
Q

What are the structures of the larynx

A

vestibule (false/true vocal cords) epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, smaller cartilages, internal/external muscles

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9
Q

what is the pressure in pleura in comparison to the atmosphere

A

-5mmHg

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10
Q

what is included with entering/exiting the Hilum of lung

A

pulmonary artery and veins, lymphatetic vessels, and bronchi, nerves

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11
Q

Mediastinum includes the organs/tissues of the chest except:

A

lungs, pleurae …. DOES include heart, trachea, esophagus, great vessels

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12
Q

What are the dimensions of the pulmonary artery and pressure

A

5cmX3cm and the pressure is 9-13mmHg

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13
Q

What does the multiple divisions of bronchi create as a result in order to do its function

A

It increases cross sectional area, therefore slowing the velocity of air allowing for gas exchange/diffusion

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14
Q

If a child were to come into the ER swallowing a crayon, you would most likely look on what side on a chest xray

A

The right because it is larger and more vertical favoring objects to go down that side.

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15
Q

can you name the three layers that make up the bronchial walls?

A

Epithelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle

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16
Q

what 3 structures make up the epithelial layer of the bronchi and what is their function

A

Goblet cells-secrete mucus to trap particles
Cilia- beat particles upward
Phagocytes-destroy particles

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17
Q

What changes (structurally) occur from bronchial walls to the bronchioles?

A

The have no goblet cells or cartilage

Only smooth muscle & connective tissue; adjust to pressure so doesn’t collapse

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18
Q

Acinus refers to:

A

Alveolar ducts & sacs

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19
Q

The alveolar epithelial tissue consitst of what structures & their functions:

A 
Type I (structure)
Type II (surfactant) 
Basement membrane (often fuses with capillary B.M.) 
macrophages
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20
Q

what are the pores of Kohn

A

inter septa for ventilation and distribution (fluid) in the alveoli ; also play a protection vs. collapse

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21
Q

What muscles are responsible for inhalation

A

external intercostal

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22
Q

How does resting exhalation occur vs. active/forced

A

passive (no muscles) and forced=internal intercostal muscles & abdominals

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23
Q

How many capillaries per alveoli

A

1000

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24
Q

list a few functions of pulmonary circulation

A

filter thrombi, emboli to prevent it from coronary, cerebral or renal tissue. selectively metabolize hormones, serves as reservoir (10% blood)

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25
Q

what are some factors affecting the ventilation

A

neurochemical control, lung receptors, ANS, and mechanical (work of breathing), pressure, resistance, surface tension, gas transport

26
Q

What does the DRG do? What does it stand for and where is it located

A

The dorsal respiratory group located in the medulla sets automatic rhythm, sends impulses to diaphragm & inspiratory intercostals.

27
Q

VRG, what is it & where

A

ventral respiratory group, innervates larynx & vocal cords, used for inspiratory & expiratory

28
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors do?

A

indirect monitor of change in pH, CO2, O2
*fast acting change to rise in CO2 & H+
Not good in chronic hypoventilation

29
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

senses drop in O2 and rise in CO2 & H+

become primary movers if central chemoreceptors become desensitized

30
Q

As opposed to hypertension in the systemic circulation; pulmonary hypertension =what pressure?

A

above 25 mmHg

31
Q

Lung receptors include:

A

Stretch-located in smooth muscle airways. stimulate decreased resp. rate & volume (only when 3x as large, protective mechanism)
Irritant-located in epithelium. cough reflex, bronchoconstriction, increased ventilary rate

32
Q

if lungs lose their recoil do they become more or less compliant?

A

more compliant (increase in volume with little change in pressure)

33
Q

if lungs become stiff do they increase or decrease in compliance

A

decrease in compliance (they’d have large change in pressure with little change in volume)

34
Q

What are two examples of pathology that decrease compliance of lungs

A

pulmonary edema & obesity

35
Q

how does pleural pressure change with inspiration (lung volume increase)

A

It becomes more negative (from -5 to about -7.5)

36
Q

how does alveolar pressure change as inspiration & expiration

A

decreases from 0 to -1 inspiration (b/c air moves from area of high pressure to area of low pressure) and goes up to +1 during exhalation

37
Q

define transpulmonary pressure

A

difference between alveoli pressure and pleural space

38
Q

define minute ventilation equation

A

respiratory rateXTV

39
Q

respiratory rate

A

breaths per minute

40
Q

Due to gravity, what uneven distribution occurs in the lungs

A

both ventilation and perfusion are higher/better on bottom of lung vs. top

41
Q

V/Q is normally at .8 what would be occurring if the number was lower

A

Ventilation is not as good oxygenating blood…. need to constrict

42
Q

If V/Q is above normal (.8) this would indicate what

A

the perfusion is inadequate, need to shunt

43
Q

Are we able to use our residual volume in lungs?

A

No

44
Q

Shunt that leads to hypoxia?

A

right to left

45
Q

shunt that doesn’t lead to hypoxia

A

left to right

46
Q

HOw would patients volume with emphysema and COPD

A

increased residual volume, decreased forced vital capacity

47
Q

Tidal volume

A

normal respiratory exchange 500cc, normal breath in /out

48
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

max. that can be inhaled on top of tidal volume

49
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

max. exhaled under tidal volume

50
Q

residual volume

A

amount remaining in lungs after max. exhalation (can not be used)

51
Q

Vital Capacity (FVC)

A

amount that can be fully inspired and expired. Equal to expiratory reserve, tidal, and inspiratory reserve

52
Q

functional residual capacity

A

amount remaining in lungs after normal exhalation (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)

53
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

amount completely inspired with full inhalation. (equal to tidal volume + inspiratory volume)

54
Q

What would the ratio of FEV1/FVC be used to measure for:

A

obstruction & restriction

55
Q

FEV1 stands for

A

fraction of expired air exhaled over first second

56
Q

What is the primary drive for ventilation? Secondary?

A

Primary-PaCO2 & H+ concentration act directly on respiration center. **Secondary is from PaO2 act on chemoreceptors in carotid & aortic bodies

57
Q

On the flow-volume curve, how would the obstruction look

A

Bowl shape, quick inspiration, short of peak, quick drop off, long slope

58
Q

On a flow-volume curve how would restriction look

A

quick inspiration to peak, fast exhalation. Low volume. missile shape

59
Q

What r 3 primary factors of air resistance

A
  1. length 2. radius 3 . cross sectional area
60
Q

what r 3 secondary factors of air resitance

A

density, viscosity, & velocity

61
Q

How does surfactant reverse La Place law

A

Normally the Law states that a decrease in radius increases surface tension & therefore increases pressure. Surfactant reduces surface tension for smaller alveoli & maintains stability by reducing pressure

Fundamentals (12 decks)

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