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Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

which side of the lungs has 3 lobes, name them

A

right and their named superior, middle, and inferior

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2
Q

List the structures of upper resp

A

nasopharynx (septum, turbinates), oropharynx(hard, soft palate, uvula), and hypopharynx (laryngo, connector)

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3
Q

list structures of the lower resp

A

trachea (larynx) bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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4
Q

how many branches of bronchi are there

A

right and left bronchi, to the lobar bronchi, to segmented, to subsegmented, to 16x divisions..to TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE, TO respiratory bronchioles

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5
Q

What are the three steps in respiration

A
  1. ventilation (bringing O2 to capillaries) 2. Diffusion (O2 diffuses across blood, CO2 back to lungs) 3. Perfusion (O2 circulated to tissues)
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6
Q

Although the upper respiratory structures are good at warming, humidifying, and filtering- which one has the least filtering capability

A

the oral route

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7
Q

What are three functions that occur in the upper respiratory tract

A

removes foreign substances aka Filters, (warms & humidifies),

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8
Q

What are the structures of the larynx

A

vestibule (false/true vocal cords) epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, smaller cartilages, internal/external muscles

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9
Q

what is the pressure in pleura in comparison to the atmosphere

A

-5mmHg

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10
Q

what is included with entering/exiting the Hilum of lung

A

pulmonary artery and veins, lymphatetic vessels, and bronchi, nerves

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11
Q

Mediastinum includes the organs/tissues of the chest except:

A

lungs, pleurae …. DOES include heart, trachea, esophagus, great vessels

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12
Q

What are the dimensions of the pulmonary artery and pressure

A

5cmX3cm and the pressure is 9-13mmHg

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13
Q

What does the multiple divisions of bronchi create as a result in order to do its function

A

It increases cross sectional area, therefore slowing the velocity of air allowing for gas exchange/diffusion

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14
Q

If a child were to come into the ER swallowing a crayon, you would most likely look on what side on a chest xray

A

The right because it is larger and more vertical favoring objects to go down that side.

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15
Q

can you name the three layers that make up the bronchial walls?

A

Epithelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle

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16
Q

what 3 structures make up the epithelial layer of the bronchi and what is their function

A

Goblet cells-secrete mucus to trap particles
Cilia- beat particles upward
Phagocytes-destroy particles

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17
Q

What changes (structurally) occur from bronchial walls to the bronchioles?

A

The have no goblet cells or cartilage

Only smooth muscle & connective tissue; adjust to pressure so doesn’t collapse

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18
Q

Acinus refers to:

A

Alveolar ducts & sacs

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19
Q

The alveolar epithelial tissue consitst of what structures & their functions:

A 
Type I (structure)
Type II (surfactant) 
Basement membrane (often fuses with capillary B.M.) 
macrophages
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20
Q

what are the pores of Kohn

A

inter septa for ventilation and distribution (fluid) in the alveoli ; also play a protection vs. collapse

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21
Q

What muscles are responsible for inhalation

A

external intercostal

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22
Q

How does resting exhalation occur vs. active/forced

A

passive (no muscles) and forced=internal intercostal muscles & abdominals

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23
Q

How many capillaries per alveoli

A

1000

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24
Q

list a few functions of pulmonary circulation

A

filter thrombi, emboli to prevent it from coronary, cerebral or renal tissue. selectively metabolize hormones, serves as reservoir (10% blood)

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25
what are some factors affecting the ventilation
neurochemical control, lung receptors, ANS, and mechanical (work of breathing), pressure, resistance, surface tension, gas transport
26
What does the DRG do? What does it stand for and where is it located
The dorsal respiratory group located in the medulla sets automatic rhythm, sends impulses to diaphragm & inspiratory intercostals.
27
VRG, what is it & where
ventral respiratory group, innervates larynx & vocal cords, used for inspiratory & expiratory
28
What do the central chemoreceptors do?
indirect monitor of change in pH, CO2, O2 *fast acting change to rise in CO2 & H+ Not good in chronic hypoventilation
29
Peripheral chemoreceptors?
senses drop in O2 and rise in CO2 & H+ | become primary movers if central chemoreceptors become desensitized
30
As opposed to hypertension in the systemic circulation; pulmonary hypertension =what pressure?
above 25 mmHg
31
Lung receptors include:
Stretch-located in smooth muscle airways. stimulate decreased resp. rate & volume (only when 3x as large, protective mechanism) Irritant-located in epithelium. cough reflex, bronchoconstriction, increased ventilary rate
32
if lungs lose their recoil do they become more or less compliant?
more compliant (increase in volume with little change in pressure)
33
if lungs become stiff do they increase or decrease in compliance
decrease in compliance (they'd have large change in pressure with little change in volume)
34
What are two examples of pathology that decrease compliance of lungs
pulmonary edema & obesity
35
how does pleural pressure change with inspiration (lung volume increase)
It becomes more negative (from -5 to about -7.5)
36
how does alveolar pressure change as inspiration & expiration
decreases from 0 to -1 inspiration (b/c air moves from area of high pressure to area of low pressure) and goes up to +1 during exhalation
37
define transpulmonary pressure
difference between alveoli pressure and pleural space
38
define minute ventilation equation
respiratory rateXTV
39
respiratory rate
breaths per minute
40
Due to gravity, what uneven distribution occurs in the lungs
both ventilation and perfusion are higher/better on bottom of lung vs. top
41
V/Q is normally at .8 what would be occurring if the number was lower
Ventilation is not as good oxygenating blood.... need to constrict
42
If V/Q is above normal (.8) this would indicate what
the perfusion is inadequate, need to shunt
43
Are we able to use our residual volume in lungs?
No
44
Shunt that leads to hypoxia?
right to left
45
shunt that doesn't lead to hypoxia
left to right
46
HOw would patients volume with emphysema and COPD
increased residual volume, decreased forced vital capacity
47
Tidal volume
normal respiratory exchange 500cc, normal breath in /out
48
Inspiratory reserve volume
max. that can be inhaled on top of tidal volume
49
expiratory reserve volume
max. exhaled under tidal volume
50
residual volume
amount remaining in lungs after max. exhalation (can not be used)
51
Vital Capacity (FVC)
amount that can be fully inspired and expired. Equal to expiratory reserve, tidal, and inspiratory reserve
52
functional residual capacity
amount remaining in lungs after normal exhalation (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)
53
inspiratory capacity
amount completely inspired with full inhalation. (equal to tidal volume + inspiratory volume)
54
What would the ratio of FEV1/FVC be used to measure for:
obstruction & restriction
55
FEV1 stands for
fraction of expired air exhaled over first second
56
What is the primary drive for ventilation? Secondary?
Primary-PaCO2 & H+ concentration act directly on respiration center. **Secondary is from PaO2 act on chemoreceptors in carotid & aortic bodies
57
On the flow-volume curve, how would the obstruction look
Bowl shape, quick inspiration, short of peak, quick drop off, long slope
58
On a flow-volume curve how would restriction look
quick inspiration to peak, fast exhalation. Low volume. missile shape
59
What r 3 primary factors of air resistance
1. length 2. radius 3 . cross sectional area
60
what r 3 secondary factors of air resitance
density, viscosity, & velocity
61
How does surfactant reverse La Place law
Normally the Law states that a decrease in radius increases surface tension & therefore increases pressure. Surfactant reduces surface tension for smaller alveoli & maintains stability by reducing pressure

Fundamentals (12 decks)

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