Cell Physiology

Question 1

3 ways activity of ACh are terminated at synapse naturally

Answer 1

1. diffuse away from receptors 2. chemical degradation by ACh esterase 3. reabsorption back into presynaptic membrane

Question 2

What is responsible for the release of ACh into the synapse in a neuromuscular junction upon depolariziation of an action potential

Answer 2

Calclium channels open and allow the ion to flow into cytoplasm

Question 3

What is responsible for making ACh within a cell?

Answer 3

the ER-Golgi complex

Question 4

List several mechanisms how we interfere with synaptic transmission

Answer 4

1. block receptors 2. block reabsorption 3. esterase inhibitors 4. competition for receptor sites 5. deplete/exhaust stores

Question 5

what is one example of a drug interrupting the reuptake of a neurotransmitter

Answer 5

An SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) such as Prozac act on interrupting synaptic transmission

Question 6

What is an example of a ACh esterase inhibitor?

Answer 6

Malathion (pesticide), physostigmine, neostigmine also Pyridostigmine (useful in myasthenia gravis as it leaves ACh in cleft for longer compensating for the autoimmune disease that destroys own receptiors

Question 7

How would a ACh esterase inhibitor (such as pyrdostigmine) actually help pts with myasthenia gravis?

Answer 7

It leaves ACh in cleft longer, allowing for compensation for the autoimmune disease that destroys receptor cells

Question 8

What is an example of blocking the release of ACh

Answer 8

botulism toxin

Question 9

What are two examples of how a receptor site can be competed for

Answer 9

Succinylcholine-causes depolarization

Curare, vecuronion, atracurium-block depolarization

Question 10

What is an example of a chemical that mimics the action of ACh which are not degraded by their esterase

Answer 10

Nicotine

Question 11

What are two examples of IPSP (inhibitory post-synaptic potential

Answer 11

GABA and Glycine

Question 12

What is the mechanism of the IPSP’s

Answer 12

hyperpolarize the cell by opening Cl- channels

Question 13

What are some causes of atrophy

Answer 13

decreased work load, use, nurtrition, blood supply, and nervous stimulation. Altered hormonal stimulation,

Question 14

Can u give a few examples of physiologic atrophy

Answer 14

skin as we age, loss of estrogen due to menopause causes atrophy of endometrium, vaginal epithelium, and breast

Question 15

can u give an example of pathologic atrophy

Answer 15

carpal tunnel syndrome, damage to median nerve at wrist causes shrink in muscles of the hand

Question 16

2 physiological examples of hypertrophy(increase in cell size)

Answer 16

pregnancy & uterine muscle

skeletal muscle from weight lifting

Question 17

an example of pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 17

cardiac

Question 18

define dysplasia & list example

Answer 18

abnormal change in size, shape, organization of mature cells. Rate as mild, moderate, or severe (often near cancer cells & often reversible) ex-barretts esophagitis (due to GERD)

Question 19

What is the mechanism of carpel tunnel syndrome on the nervous tissue

Answer 19

Demyelinates

Question 20

what would you use for numbing an area before suturing?

Answer 20

Lidocaine (diffuses through tissues and occupies Na+ channels so nerve CANT depolarize

Question 21

An example of metaplasia and define

Answer 21

cells are replaced, smokers columnar in trachea with squamous cells

Question 22

Define cell hypoxia and some results

Answer 22

inadequate O2 delivery. Cells swell, pH decreases, lysosomes burst, mitochondria swell
Impairment of plasma and organelles (ATP using pumps ,Na K, Ca, Cl, glucose transport