Pharm2

Question 1

how do we measure drug clearance in body

Answer 1

half life (covalent bonds can affect, prolong this)

Question 2

what type of bonding occurs between the beta blocker-receptor

Answer 2

ionic bond

Question 3

A wide therapeutic index would indicate what:

Answer 3

a safe range to treat with little risk of harm

Question 4

Can the same drug have different TI

Answer 4

yes, for example ppl take more ibuprofen for inflammation vs. pain so narrows the therapeutic index

Question 5

Up-regulation

Answer 5

antagonist causes “weak” signal so more receptors

Question 6

down regulation

Answer 6

from an agonist drug causing “stronger” signal, reduces receptors

Question 7

tachyphylaxis

Answer 7

very fast tolerance build to drugs

Question 8

atropine would be an agonist or antagonist to the parasympathetic

Answer 8

antagonist because it is anticholinergic

Question 9

define titrate and taper in relation to dosing drugs

Answer 9

titrate-“start low and go slow”
Taper-wean them off
both help prevent risk of tolerance

Question 10

It is important to use hyperreactivity/hyporeactivity to a drug vs. hypersensitivity (allergic rxn)

Answer 10

adverse drug reactions

Question 11

the most common adverse drug reaction

Answer 11

digestive disturbances (esp. oral) and hypersensitivity

Question 12

Type I hypersensitivity

Answer 12

immediate, IgE antibodies involved. requires a 1st exposure penicillin, food can cause anaphylaxis

Question 13

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Answer 13

T cell mediated diseases, delayed onset, can occur at 1st exposure

Question 14

what are the weakest bonds

Answer 14

hydrophobic (such as fat soluble substances that group together to avoids water, they are reversible

Question 15

Where would you see a greater change in affect when giving a drug?

Answer 15

at lower concentrations…. the higher dose may see receptors saturated

Question 16

what does a graded response graph show

Answer 16

the percentage of maximum response over time

Question 17

Explain the MEC of a graded response graph

Answer 17

the minimum effective concentration, (lowest dose to have an affect on a parameter aka symptom/pain/sign/etc.)

Question 18

the therapeutic window is between which two points on a graded response graph

Answer 18

the Minimum effective concentration for an adeverse response and the min.EC for a desired response

Question 19

define the Duration of Action

Answer 19

time range during which the drug concentration exceeds MEC for a desired response

Question 20

what calculation is used to determine therapeutic index/window

Answer 20

ratio between Letha Dose50 and EffectiveDose50

Question 21

when two drugs are compared by their potency’s which one will be more potent and therefore more effective on a graph

Answer 21

the one on left

Question 22

what does it mean if Drug X is on the left compared to drug Y on a potency graph

Answer 22

Drug x is more effective

Question 23

tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that does what:

Answer 23

transfers phosphate group from ATP to a protein. It functions as an “on-Off switch for cell functions like metabolism/differentiation

Question 24

which type of ligand-receptor is most seen with neurotransmitters

Answer 24

ion channels

Question 25

What example is a second messenger system?

Answer 25

G protein that increases concentration of cAMP, IP3 or Ca++

Question 26

Distinguish between an inverse drug and antagonist

Answer 26

inverse actually causes the opposite of the agonist response vs. antagonist just blocks the agonist

Question 27

mixed agonist/antagonist would elicit what type of response

Answer 27

some drugs that cause pain relief at one receptor and no effect at another (opiods)

Question 28

whats one example of a hormone signaling system?

Answer 28

tyrosine kinase (transfers phosphate to ATP; functions as on/off switch for metabolis or cell diffentiation

Question 29

beta-blockers and atropine are examples of agonist or antagonist?

Answer 29

antagonist