respiratory

Question 1

hypoplasia
def
what it leads to

Answer 1

congenital abnormality
1. any condition which impedes the development of the thoracic cavity 2. may lead to unilateral or bilateral underdevelopment of the lungs.

Question 2

diaphragmal hernia

Answer 2

congenital abnormality

partial or total absence of the diaphragm may result in herniation of the abdominal contents into the thoracic cavit

Question 3

respiratory tract congenital abnormalities (4)

Answer 3

1. hypoplasia
2. diaphragmal hernia
3. bronchogenic cysts
4. bronchopulmonary sequestration

Question 4

bronchogenic cysts

Answer 4

peribronchial cysts lined by bronchial epithelium which cause abcesses or themselves will rupture (congenital abnormality)

Question 5

Bronchopulmonary sequestration
what it is
where it can occur

Answer 5

1. lung tissue that has no connection with the bronchial system.
2. It may occur in an extralobar (outside the visceral pleura) or intralobar (within the visceral pleura) location.

Question 6

atelectasis
def
primary
secondary

Answer 6

1. refers to a condition of incomplete expansion of alveoli
2. primary - results from the failure of lungs to ventilate at the time of birth due (premature babies)
3. secondary - may be due to deficiency of surfactant

Question 7

bronchiectasis
def
results from (2)
symptoms (2)

Answer 7

1. permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of the muscle and elastic supporting tissue
2. resulting from chronic necrotizing infections, or mechanical obstruction of bronchi (eg tumors)
3. symptoms: cough and expectoration of purulent sputum.

Question 8

viral pneumonia
what it is
exudate?
symptom

Answer 8

1. peribronchiolar lesions that are within the alveolar walls and are widened by edema
2. alveolar spaces are free of exudate.
3. symptom- persistent non-productive cough

Question 9

bacterial pneumonia
 def
 2 classifications

Answer 9

1. inflammation and solidification of pulmonary parenchyma
   classified as:
2. bronchopneumonia: consolidation w/patchy distribution (usually lower lobe)
3. lobar pneumonia: extensive consolidation involving entire lobe usually due to streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 10

pneumococcal pneumonia development (4)

Answer 10

1. congestion: bacterial proliferation and inflammatory response & serous exudation into alveolar space
2. red hepatization: outpouring of neutrophils and precipitated fibrin into alveolar space
3. gray hepatization: disintegration of neurto-phils and erythrocytes with accumulation of fibrin
4. resolution: digestion & reabsorption of exudate and restoration of pulmonary parenchyma to normal.

Question 11

fungal infections (3)

Answer 11

1. fungi are week antigens and cause tissue damage primarily by virtue of the hypersensitivity reaction against the fungi proteins
2. Most of the deep mycoses (histoplasmosis, coccidoidomycosis, blastomycosis etc.) produce chronic granulomatous disease.
3. Candida and Aspergilus infections occurring as an opportunistic in AIDS or after antibiotic or cytotoxic therapy.

Question 12

lung abscess
biology
results from

Answer 12

1. localized suppuration and liquefaction necrosis of lung parenchyma
2. resulting from aspiration of foreign material usually due to altered consciousness (alcoholism, drug overdose, epilepsy etc..)

Question 13

restrictive vs. obstructive disease

Answer 13

1. restrictive- reduced expansion of lunch parenchyma => decreased total lung capacity
2. obstructive- resistance to air flow => expiratory flow rate is decreased

Question 14

examples of ORD (4)

Answer 14

1. asthma
2. emphysema
3. chronic bronchitis
4. bronchiectasis

Question 15

asthma
what its caused by
manifestations (3)

Answer 15

1. episodic, reversible bronchoconstriction

2. manifested by dyspena, cough and wheexing

Question 16

emphysema
aka
biology

Answer 16

1. COPD

2. abnormal, permanent increase in size of distal bronchiole

Question 17

sleep apnea

Answer 17

1. absence of breath during sleep due to obstruction in relaxed walls of pharynx