deck_2317470 Flashcards
1
Q
hepatitis
A
- viral liver inflammatory disease by any viral agents2. A, B,C, or D3. acute or chronic
2
Q
hep A what it is incubation period and symptoms how is it confirmed progression? vaccine?
A
- RNA virus liver infection acquired by ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water (associated with childhood and poor sanitary conditions).
- After incubation period (two to six weeks) patients develop nonspecific symptoms like fever, malaise and liver damage and jaundice
- confirmed by rise in serum aminotransferase activite
- Type A never progress to chronic hepatitis and infection provide lifelong immunity. Vaccine is available.
3
Q
hep B disease how is it transmitted? acute fulminant chronic
A
- DNA virus acute and chronic liver infection which may be asymptomatic or exceedingly fulminant.
- virus is transmitted by blood products or contaminated needlesand incubation period of up to six months hepatitis B can develop in
- acute/ self limited: symptoms appear 2-3 months after exposure,complete recovery & lifelong immunity
- fulminant: massive liver necrosis, failure & death (in violent short time = fulminant def)
- chronic carrier state: patients do not develop antigens, infection persists and progress to chronic
4
Q
Hepatitis C
A
Hepatitis C is a RNA virus acute or chronic liver infection with clinical symptoms similar to that of hepatitis B. It is a result of transfusion of contaminated blood but, may be spread by the fecal-oral route.
Recently developed screening test allowed testing of blood and incidence of hepatitis C begin to decline.
5
Q
hep D
A
is a RNA delta (defective) virus liver infection that requires help from coexisting hepatitis B virus infection with clinical course similar to hepatitis B.
6
Q
cirrhosis characterized by... Laennecs cirrhosis physical changes to liver with Laennecs symptoms of Laennecs
A
- characterized by necrosis, fibrosis & disruption of normal liver architecture.
- Laennec’s (alcoholic) cirrhosis is the common type in the U.S. (about 90% of the patients give a history of chronic alcoholism but only 10-15% of alcoholics develop cirrhosis) causing liver decreases in size with fine nodularity (micronodules).
- In advanced stages the liver develop fibrotic consistency and dark color.
- Cirrhosis may develop over a period of decades with symptoms of weight loss, nausea, vomiting, jaundice. Patients may develop ascites, esophageal varices, gastritis and death usually occurs from hepatic failure
7
Q
postnecrotic (macronodular) cirrhosis % of cirrhosis generally follows... how the liver looks symptoms are a result of generally associated with...
A
- comprises between 10 and 30% of the total cases of cirrhosis
- generally follows a single episode of viral hepatitis or chronic hepatitis, or drug related hepatotoxicity which results in a marked degree of acute necrosis. 3. The liver is small with large, irregular regenerative nodules (macronodules) interspersed among scars of varied size and prominent bile stasis.
- When symptoms occur, they are usually the result of liver failure or portal hypertension.
- most frequently associated with liver carcinoma.
8
Q
Portal hypertension
why does it develop
what it is what it leads to (2)
A
- most frequently seen as a complication of cirrhosis.
- Obstruction of the hepatic veins results in a backup of blood causing increased pressure in the portal vein which lead to:
a) ascites: is the intraperitoneal accumulation of watery fluid chemically similar to plasma. Drainage of such fluid produces considerable loss of proteins and electrolytes.
b) esophageal varices and hemorrhoids
9
Q
Cholelithiasis
def
3 primary constituents
%s and who they affect
A
- refers to accumulation of gallstones in gallbladder.
- three primary constituents: cholesterol (most common, with size from small up to 6 cm in diameter and egg-shell surface), calcium bilirubinate (less common, related to excessive production of bilirubin), calcium carbonate (rare).
- Mixed stones account for 80% of all biliary calculi. Gallstones are more seen in women, increase in incidence with age, and are related to obesity and high caloric diets.
10
Q
obesity
A
is an accumulation of body fat above a particular standard. If standard is 20% above the mean adiposity, then 20% of middle-aged man and 40% women are obese in US.
11
Q
Malnutrition % marasmus kwashiorkor
A
- malnutrition = weight falls to 20% below normal
- marasmus- body weight falls 40% below norma. It is a result of loss of fat followed by catabolism of tissue proteins resulting in reduction of the skin thickness and muscle mass and decrease in serum proteins
- kwashiorkor- protein deprivation is greater than calorie reduction
12
Q
Hypopituitarism
A
Alterations in growth hormone production cause in hypo- production dwarfism or in hyperproduction giantism (prior to adolescence) & acromegaly
13
Q
alterations in posterior pituitary function in secretion of ADH results in
A
- results in diabetes insipidus
14
Q
Hyperthyroidism a.k.a.
A
- a.k.a. thyrotoxicosis, or Graves’ disease
15
Q
Hypoadrenalism
A
- a.k.a. Addison’s disease
16
Q
Hyperadrenalism
A
- a.k.a. - Cushing’s dis. manifested by “moon faces”, “buffalo hump”
17
Q
The renal diseases can be classified into different general categories (3)
A
- acute renal shutdown
- chronic renal insufficiency
- nephrotic syndrome
18
Q
acute glomerulonephritis
what does it do
what does it result from
bio and cell explanation
A
- acute glomerulonephritis- condition that interferes with kidney function and causes acute renal shutdown include
- results from an antigen-antibody (antibodies are formed usually 1-3 weeks following infections by streptococci
- reaction in which the glomeruli become inflamed which causes total or partial blockage of large number of glomeruli and those that are not blocked develop increased permeability of the glomerular membrane, allowing large amounts of protein and red blood cells to leak into GF.
- Acute form frequently becomes chronic.
19
Q
acute renal shut down
what causes it? (2)
and what causes those? (3)
A
- Acute damage to the tubules and necrosisThe causes of tubular damage and necrosis are:
- poisons: (carbon tetrachloride and mercuric ions have specific nephrotoxic action)
- severe acute renal ischemia (is usually result from severe circulatory shock when heart fails to pump sufficient amounts of blood to the body)
- transfusion reaction (where hemolysis of large amounts of red blood cells releases hemoglobin (that precipitate in the nephron) and vasoconstrictor agent diminishing renal blood flow)
20
Q
chronic renal insufficency
main cause
what causes that? (5)
A
- decreased number of nephrons. The different causes of this include:
- chronic glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis
- traumatic or congenital absence of a kidney
- congenital polycistic disease: when large cysts develop in the kidneys and destroy surrounding nephrons by compression
- urinary tract obstruction (caused by renal stones)
- arteriosclerosis: when small arteries supplying portions of the kidneys become blocked
21
Q
pyelonephritis
where it begins and ends
resultant of
meduallary function
A
- infectious and inflammatory process that usually begins in the renal pelvis and extends progressively into renal parenchyma.
- The infection can result from many types of bacteria, especially staphylococci and colon bacteria. which cause progressive destruction of the functional renal tissue, usually affecting more medulla of the kidney.
- Since one of the primary functions of the medulla is to provide the counter-current mechanism for concentration of the urine, patients have reasonably normal renal function with inability to concentrate urine.
22
Q
nephrotic syndrome
characterized by
causes diseases
associated with it (4)
A
- characterized by loss of large quantities of plasma proteins into the urine due to increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
- causing fall in colloid osmotic pressure and serious edema. diseases its associated with:
- chronic glomerulonephritis
- amyloidosis (deposition of an abnormal proteinoid substance - amyloid, in the walls of the blood vessels)
- syphilis
- systemic lupus erythematosus
