CNS and PNS

Question 1

epidural hematoma

Answer 1

1. accumulation of blood btwn skull and dura- generally from trauma to side of head => fracture of temporal bone

Question 2

subdural hematoma

Answer 2

1. accumulation of blood in subdural space from trauma that does not result in skull fracture, but vein injury in brain

Question 3

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 3

1. bleeding into subarachnoid space, generally from aneurysm

Question 4

saccular (berry) aneurysm

where it usually occurs

Answer 4

1. most common

2. usually arise in middle cerebral artery (but can be in anterior cerebral or communicating artery)

Question 5

cerebral hemorrhage (non-traumatic)
 def
 hypertensive hemorrhage

Answer 5

1. collection of (usually bloody) fluid w/i brain stem or cerebral hemispheres
2. hypertensive hemorrhage- most common hemorrhage, usually in basal ganglia- due to chronic hypertension

Question 6

hemorrhage vs. infarct

Answer 6

1. hemorrhage tend to compress the brain rather than destroy it
2. hemorrhages are not confined to arterial distribution

Question 7

infarction
def
vascular
embolism

Answer 7

1. results from loss of blood supply with ensuing necrosis
2. vascular thrombis- formation w/i large vessel
3. embolism- thrombi from heart

Question 8

hydrocephalus

Answer 8

1. increased CSF volume causing ventricular distention

Question 9

leptomeningitis
causes and who it affects (3)
what happens
symptoms (4)

Answer 9

1. bacterial infection caused by e.coli (newborns), h.influenza (infants and children) and strep (adults and children)
2. meninges congested => purulent exudate
   symptoms:
3. agitation
4. headache
5. photophobia
6. stiff neck

Question 10

viral infectious diseases (3)

Answer 10

1. poliomyelitis - inflammation of gray matter in spinal cord
2. rabies- encephalitis caused by rabies
3. herpes simplex- type I and II

Question 11

MS

Answer 11

1. demylenating disease

Question 12

alzheimers disease (2)

Answer 12

1. progressive neurological disease

2. chromosome 21 and amyloid protein may be involved

Question 13

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (3)
gross def
characteristics
cause

Answer 13

1. degenerative disease
2. characterized by progressive wasting of extremities => weakness and respiratory failure
3. degeneration of upper motor neurons

Question 14

huntingtons disease
cause
characteristics

Answer 14

1. autosomal dominant inherited disease

2. characterized by involuntary movements in all parts of the body

Question 15

cns neoplasms
neuroglial origin
meningeal origin
metastic origin

Answer 15

1. astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma or ependyomoma
2. slow growing, benign
3. in order of frequency of primary site:
   lung, breast, melanoma, kidney, GI

Question 16

PNS trauma
wallerian degeneration
distal axonpathy
segmental demyelination

Answer 16

1. wallerian degeneration- degeneration in distal segment of transected nerve => atrophy or schwann cells (which are then replaced by fibrose tissue)
2. distal axonpathy (dying back)- toxic and metabolic neuropathies w/ proximal axon intact and regeneration is possible if cause is removed
3. segmental demyelination- changes that result from damage of myelin sheath

Question 17

diabetic neuropathy

Answer 17

1. symmetrical polyneuropathy

2. involves sensory and autonomic nerves with extensive segmental demyelination (secondary to axonal degeneration)

Question 18

guillian barre disease
what it does
preceded by
characterized by

Answer 18

1. autoimmune
2. progressive, ascending motor paralysis
3. preceded with viral infection
4. characterized by segmental demyelination

Question 19

charcot-marie-toth (3)

Answer 19

1. inherited disorder
2. motor and sensory neuropathy => atrophy
3. common signs are foot drop and weakness in foot