Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

0
Q

Chronic bronchitis Dx requirements

A

Chronic productive cough lasting 3 months over a minimum of 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

COPD changes in FEV, FVC, TLC (spirometry)

A

Decrease FVC, MORE decrease in FEV1, decrease in FEV1/FVC ratio, increase in TLC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chronic bronchitis is associated with

A

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

% of wall is mucous glands in CHronic bronchitis

A

> 50%, measures in Reid index, hypertrophy of bronchial mucinous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The excess mucous goes where in chronic bronchitis

A

Coughed up or can plug parts of lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Reid index?

A

Measure of the thickness of the glands in the bronchial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clinical features of chronic bronchitis

A

Productive cough, cyanosis, inc. PaCO2, dec. PaO2, inc. risk of infection and cor pulmonale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Emphysema mechanism of disease

A

loss of elasticity, destruction of the alveolar air sacs, the many air sacs now act as one (one reason for obstructive disease), air drag and loss of elasticity allows for some “collapse” of the walls of bronchioles (second reason for obstruction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

EMphysema cause

A

imbalance of proteases and anti-proteases; smokers cause the increase in protease activity; alpha 1 anti trypsin def. leads to less antiprotease protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is most common cause of emphysema

A

smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 categories of emphysema

A

panacinar and centriacinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

smoking causes which kind of emphysema

A

centriacinar, mainly upper lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

alpha 1 anti trypsin def causes which emphysema

A

pan-acinar, lower lobes mainly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A1AT def also involves

A

liver, causing cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

most clinically relevent allele muattions for A1AT

A

PiZ allele, now protein accumulates in ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PiMZ heterozygotes

A

higher risk for emphysema with smoking but otherwise assyptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

clinical features of emphysema

A

dyspnea, cough, no sputum, pursed lips with prolonged expiration, lbs loss, inc. AP diameter (barrel chest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

functional residual capacity is what in empysema

A

increased and in a fibrosis of lung then the FRC will decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

late complications of emphysema

A

hypoxemia, cor pulmonale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Asthma descript

A

revrsible airway bronchoconstrict, usually from a type 1 hypersensitivity rxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Asthma pathogenesis

A

allergins induce TH2 phenotype CD4 t cells of genetically susceptible individuals, the TH2 cells secrete IL-4,5,10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

IL 4 important for what

A

IgE shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

IL5 important for

A

eosinphil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

IL10 important for

A

Th2 dif and block Th1 form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

early phase of asthma

A

mast cell activation leading to contriction, from the leukotrienes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

late phase of asthma

A

inflammation and major basic protein potentiate the bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

clinical features of asthma

A

dyspnea, wheezing, productive cough with curschmann spirals with charcot leyden crystals, severe unrelenting attack can lead to status asthmaticus and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

non allergic causes of asthma

A

exercise, viral infection, aspirin (aspirin intolerant asthma), occupational exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

nasal polyps associations

A

chronic rhinitis
adults+asthma + polyps = aspirin intolerant asthma
child + polyps = CF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Bronchiectasis definition

A

permant dilation of bronchioles and bronchi causing loss of airway tone and results in air trapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bronchiectasis causes

A

CF, kartagener syndrome, tumor or foreign body, nectrotizing infection, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis—–all in all its due to inflammation eith damage to the air way walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

clinical features of bronchiectasis

A

cough, dyspnea, foul smelling sputum, with complications of hypoxemia with cor pulmonale and 2ndary amyloidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

restrictive diseases spirometry findings

A

cant fill lung thus dec. TLC, decreased more FVC, decreased FEV1, increased FEV1/FVC ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

causes of restrictive diseases

A

interstital diseases causing fibrosis of the interstitium or even a chest wall issue (ex obesity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is what kind of disease

A

restrictive disease with fibrosis of the lung interstitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

etiology of idiopathic pulm. fibrosis

A

cyclical lung injury, TGF-Beta thought to be agent causing the fibrosis….must exclude other causes to be able to give this Dx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

clinical features of IPF

A

progressive dyspnea, cough, fibrosis seen on lung CT leads to a honey comb lung, Tx is lung transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Pneumoconioses def.

A

interstitial fibrosis due to occupational exposure, requires chronic exposure to fibrogenic small particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Coal workers pneumoconiosis

A

carbon dust is the causeitive agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Coal workers pneumoconiosis pathologic findings

A

diffuse fibrosis (black lung), assoc. with RA (Caplan syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Anthracosis def.

A

mild exposure to carbon from pollution, not clinically relevant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Silicosis

A

exposure to silica, as in using a sandblaster or working in a silica mine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

silicosis pathologic findings

A

fibrotic nodules in upper lobes of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

which pneumocosis inc. risk for TB?

A

silicosis, the silica impairs the phagolysosome formation by macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Berylliosis

A

beryllium, miners and also from the aerospace industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

berylliosis path. finsdings

A

non-caseating granulomas in lung, hilar nodes, systemic organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

berylliosis increases risk for what

A

lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Asbestosis

A

asbestos fibers, seen in construct workers, plumbers, shipyard workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

asbestosis path. findings

A

fibrosis of lung and pleura with inc. risk for lung cancers and mesothelioma. lung cancer has higher incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

asbestosis lesions characteristics

A

lesions has long golden brown fibers with associated iron (asbestos bodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

WHat pneumoconiosis is similar to sarcoidosis

A

berylliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Sarcoidosis is what type of lung issue

A

restrictive disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Sarcoidosis def

A

systemic disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas in multiple organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Sarcoidosis most common population

A

african american females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

sarcoidosis etiology

A

unknown, likely due to CD4 T-helper response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

characteristic findsing in sarcoidosis

A

asteroid bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

granulomas from sarcoidosis generally involve

A

hilar nodes and lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

other tissues involved in sarcoidosis

A

Uveitis, cutaneous nodules or erythema nodosum, salivary/lacrimal glands (may mimic sjogren syndrome),

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

clinical features of sarcoidosis

A

dyspnea, cough, elvated serum ACE, hypercalcemia, Tx is steroids, but can spontaneously regress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

non-caseating granulomas have what activity

A

1 alpha hydroxylase activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is what class

A

restrictive disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

hypersensitivity pneumonitis has what patholgy

A

granulomatous rxn to inhaled oragnic antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

hypersensitivity oneumonitis clinical features

A

fever, cough, dyspnea that resolves with removal of exposure…chronic exposure can lead to interstitial fibrosis, remember also there will be eosinophils also

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

pulmonary mean arterial P, normal and what dictatses pulm. HTN

A

10 is normal and over 25 is HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

pulm htn characterized by

A

atherosclerosis of pulm trunk, smooth muscle hypertrophy of pulm arteries, intimal fibrosis, plexiform lesions in longstanding disease

66
Q

pulm htn leads to

A

RV hypertrohpy and corpulmonale

67
Q

pulm htn clinical features

A

exertional dyspnea and right sided heart failure

68
Q

primary pulm htn details

A

classically in young adult females, unknown etiology, familial forms related to BMPR2 mutations inactivating kind (leads to proliferation of vascular smooth muscle)

69
Q

secondary pulm htn causes

A

due to hypoxemia (COPD), or inc. volume in pulm. circuit (congenital heart disease), recurrent pulm. embolism can be a cause also

70
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

leakage of protein fluid into air sac leading to a hyaline membrane in the air sacs

71
Q

ARDS clinical features

A

hypoxemia and cyanosis (due to the fact the diffusion of air is limited from thicker air sac now from hyaline membrane), white out on CXR, respiratory distress

72
Q

ARDS etiology

A

sepsis, infection, shock, trauma, aspiration, pancreatitis, DIC, hypersensitivity rxns, drugs…..neutros are activiated causing free radical damage and protease damage (type I and II pneumocytes are damaged)

73
Q

ARDS Tx

A

address underlying cause, ventilation with positive end expiratory pressure, recovery may be complicated by interstitial fibrosis

74
Q

neonatal resp. distress syndrome

A

due to inadequate surfactant levels (surfactant from type II pneumocytes)

75
Q

neonatal resp. distress syndrome clinical features

A

increasing resp. effot after birth, tachypnea with accessory use, grunts, hypoxemia with cyanosis, diffuse granularity of lung on x-ray

76
Q

neonatal resp. distress syndrome associations

A

prematurity (L:S ratio for screening), C-section delivery, maternal diabetes

77
Q

L:S ratio meaning

A

higher L = more surfactant, ratio wants to be >2 then lung is mature, L = lecicin which is phosphatidylcholine

78
Q

steroids do what to surfactant levels

A

increase them which is why when C section there is less stress thus less steroids thus less surfactant

79
Q

high insulin from fetus does what to surfactant

A

inhibits it

80
Q

complications of neonatal resp. distress syndrome

A

hypoxemia increases risk for persistence of PDA and necrotizing enterocolitis and the supplement O2 cna inc. risk for free radical injury

81
Q

carcinogenic in smoke from tobacco

A

polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons

82
Q

key risk factors for lung cancer

A

cig. smoke, radon, asbestos

83
Q

lung cancer presentation

A

non specific Sx, solitary nodule usually (coin lesion)

84
Q

benign lung lesions more common in

A

young…they usually are granulomas or a bronchial hamartoma (lung tissue + cartilage) and is usually calcified

85
Q

small cell carcinomas usually cannot be what

A

resected

86
Q

subtypes of non small cell carcinoma

A

adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, carcinoid tumor

87
Q

mucous or gland secretions

A

adenocarcinoma

88
Q

keratin pearls are part of what aling with intercellular bridges

A

squamous cell carcinoma

89
Q

no glands, no secretions, no intercellular bridges

A

large cell carcinoma

90
Q

small cell carcinoma characteristics

A

poorly diff. small cells, arise from neuroendocrine cells (Kulchitsky cells), high mitotic activity

91
Q

small cell carcinoma association

A

male smokers

92
Q

small cell carcinoma location

A

Central

93
Q

small cell carcinoma comments

A

rapid growth and early metastasis; may produce ADH, ACTH, or cause eaton lambert syndrome…(paraneoplastic syndromes)

94
Q

squamous cell carcinoma characteristics

A

keratin pearls, intercellular bridges

95
Q

if tumor starts with S

A

smoking assoc., central location, paraneoplastic syndromes

96
Q

squamous cell carcinoma association

A

smoking

97
Q

squamous cell carcinoma location

A

central

98
Q

squamous cell carcinoma comments

A

paraneoplastic syndrome of PTHrP

99
Q

adenocarcinoma characteristics

A

glands or mucin

100
Q

adenocarcinoma associations

A

most common in non smokers and females

101
Q

adenocarcinoma location

A

peripheral

102
Q

large cell carcinoma characteristics

A

poorly diff. large cells, NO keratin pearls, NO intecellular bridges, NO glands or mucin

103
Q

large cell carcinoma association

A

smoking

104
Q

large cell carcinoma location

A

central or peripheral

105
Q

large cell carcinoma comments

A

poor prognosis

106
Q

bronchioloalverolar carcinoma characteristics

A

columnar cells that grow along preexisting bronchioles and alveoli; arise from clara cells

107
Q

bronchioloalveolar carcinoma association

A

not related to smoking

108
Q

bronchioloalveolar carcinoma location

A

peripheral

109
Q

bronchioloalveolar carcinoma comment

A

may present with pneumonia-like consolidation on imaging; excellent prognosis

110
Q

carcinoid tumor characteristics

A

well diff. neuroendocrine cells; chromogranin +

111
Q

carcinoid tumor associations

A

not related to smoking

112
Q

carcinoid tumors location

A

central or peri; classically forms a polyp like mass in bronchus

113
Q

carcinoid tumor comments

A

low grade malignancy; rarely causes carcinoid syndrome

114
Q

metastasis to lung characteristics

A

most common from breast and colon carcinoma

115
Q

metastasis to lung location

A

multiple cannon ball nodules on imaging

116
Q

metastasis to lung comments

A

more common than primary tumors

117
Q

unique site of distant spread from lung cancer

A

adrenal gland

118
Q

local complications of lung cancers

A

pleural involvement, obstruction of SVC (SVC syndrome..dilated veins in head and neck, edema in arms, blue discorloation of arms and face), involvement of recurrent laryngeal or phrenic nerve, compression of the sympathetic chain (can cause horners)

119
Q

what lines the pleuras

A

meso cells

120
Q

pneumothorax def

A

air in the pleural space

121
Q

spontaneous pneumothorax characteristics

A

rupture of emphysematous bleb, seen in young adults, results in collapse of portion of lung, trachea shifts to side of collapse

122
Q

tension pneumothorax chatracterisitcs

A

arise from a penetrating chest wall injury, trachea pushed to opp. side of injury, medical emergency, Tx with insertion of chest tube

123
Q

mesothilioma characteristics

A

malignant neoplasm of mesothelial cells, highly assoc. with occupational exposure to asbestos, presents with recurrent pleural effusions, dyspnea, chest pain, tumor encases the lung

124
Q

pneumonia occurs when

A

normal lung defenses are impaired

125
Q

clinical features of pneumonia

A

fever, chills, cough with eyllow green or rusty sputum, pleuritic chest pain, dec. breath sounds with dullness to percussion, elevated WBC

126
Q

3 patterns seen on CXR for pneumonia

A

lobar, bronchopneumonia, interstitial

127
Q

lobar pneumonia look on CXR

A

1 lobe

128
Q

bronchopneumonia look on CXR

A

patchy spots

129
Q

interstitial pneumonia look on CXR

A

interstiium involved leading an increase in the lung markings

130
Q

lobar and broncho pneumonia most common caustive agents

A

bacteria

131
Q

interstitial pneumonia causitive agents

A

viral mainly

132
Q

most common cause of lobar pneumonia

A

Strept. pneumoniae, klebsiella pneumoniae

133
Q

most common cause of community acquired pneumonia

A

S. pneumoniae, usually seen in middle aged adults and elderly

134
Q

klebsiella pneumoniae characterisitcs

A

affects malnourished and debilitated individuals, especially elderly, alcoholics, diabetics. thick mucoid capsule results in gelatinous sputum (currant jelly)

135
Q

4 classic phases of lobar pneumonia

A

Congestion then Red Hepatization then Grey Hepatization then Resolution

136
Q

Congestion phase of lobar pneumonia

A

congestion or blood, edema

137
Q

Red hepatization phase of lobar pneumonia

A

exudate in lung, includes RBC

138
Q

Grey hepatization phase in lobar pneumonia

A

the RBC exudate breaks down

139
Q

Type I or II is the stem cell for lung

A

type II

140
Q

Bronchopneumonia characteristics

A

scattered patchy consolidation centered around bronchioles; often multifocal and B/L

141
Q

Key causes of Bronchopneumonia

A

S. aureus, H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa, M. catarrhalis, Legionella

142
Q

S. aureus with lung

A

most common cause of secondary pneumonia (bacterial on top of viral pneumonia); often complicated by abscess or empyema

143
Q

H. flu with the lung

A

common cause of secondary pneumonia and pneumonia superimposed on COPD

144
Q

Pseudomonas on lung

A

pneumonia in CF pt

145
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis on lung

A

CAP and pneumonia super imposed on COPD levels

146
Q

Legionella on lung

A

CAP, pneumonia superimposed on COPD, pneumonia in immunocomprimised; xmitted from H2O source; intracellular organism

147
Q

interstitial pneumonia differences with Sx

A

they are more mild than the others, inflammation seen in the walls of air sacs

148
Q

causes of interstitial pneumonia

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia, RSV, CMV, influenza, coxiella burnetii

149
Q

mycoplasma pneumoniae on lung

A

most common atypical, young adults (dormatories), can produce cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia, not visible on gram stain

150
Q

chlamydia on lung

A

2nd most common atypical pneumonia in young adults

151
Q

RSV on lung

A

most common atypical in infants

152
Q

CMV on lung

A

post transplant surgury most common, atypical

153
Q

influenza on lung

A

atypical in elderly, immunocompromiesed, pre-exist lung disease

154
Q

coxiella B. on lung

A

Q fever, farmers and vets, atypical pneumonia, HAVE A HIGH FEVER UNLIKE OTHERS

155
Q

Aspiration pneumonia causes

A

bacteriodies, fusobacterium, peptococcus

156
Q

primary TB characteristics

A

focal caseating necrosis in lower lobe of lung and hilar nodes, foci undergo fibrosis and calcification (Ghon complex)

157
Q

secondary TB characterisitcs

A

due to reactivation, occurs at apex of lung, caseous necrosis and may lead to miliary TB (scattered all over lung) or TB bronchopneumonia

158
Q

clinical features of secondary TB

A

fever, night sweats, cough, hemoptysis, lbs loss, Bx show caseating granulomas with acid fast bacilli

159
Q

systemic spread of TB where

A

meningies (base of brain), cervical nodes, kidney (sterile pyuria, most common organ), lumbar vertebrase (Pott disease)

160
Q

Obstructive diseases

A

Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, bronchi ecstasies

161
Q

Restrictive diseases

A

Fibrosing, grabulomas etc

Pathology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions