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male reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

hypospadias

A

urethra opens on inferior surface of penis, due to urethral folds failing to close

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2
Q

epispadias

A

open of urethra on superior surface; due to abnormal position of genital tubercle; assoc with bladder exstrophy

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3
Q

condyloma acuminatum

A

benign wart; from HPV 6 or 11; koilocytic change

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4
Q

lympogranuloma vereum

A

necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of inguinal lymphatics and nodes

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5
Q

lymphogranuloma venereum cause

A

chlamydia trach. serotypes L1-3

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6
Q

lymphogranuloma vereum leads to

A

fibrosis and perianal itching causing rectral strictures

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7
Q

squamous cell carcinoma of penis

A

malignant proliferation of squamous cells on penis

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8
Q

SCC of penis risk fasctors

A

HPV, lack of circumcision

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9
Q

precursor lesions of SCC for penis

A

bowen disease (shaft, leukoplakia type lesion), erythroplasia of queyrat (glans, erythroplakia look), bowenoid papulosis (reddish papules, usually does not invade)

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10
Q

cryptorchidism

A

failure of testicles to descent to scrotal sac; most common congenital male repro abnorm; most cases resolve spontaneously

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11
Q

orchitis

A

testicle inflammation

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12
Q

orchitis causes

A

C. Trach (D-K), neisseria gonorrhoeae, E. coli, Pseudomonas, mumps virus, autoimmune orchitis

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13
Q

testicular torsion

A

twisitng of spermatic cord; leads to hemorrhagic infarction

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14
Q

congenital cause of testicular torsion

A

failure of testes to attach to inner lining of scrotum

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15
Q

presenation of testicular torsion

A

sudden testicular pain, absent cremasteric reflex; usually in adolescents

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16
Q

Varicocele

A

dilation of spermatic verin due to impaired drainage

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17
Q

varicocele presetation

A

scrotal swelling with “bag of worms” appearance; usually leftsided and can be associated with L-renal cell carcinoma; seen in a large percentage of infertile males

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18
Q

hydrocele

A

fluid collection in tunica vaginalis; assoc with incomplete closure of processus vaginalis (infants) or blockage of lymphatic drainage (adults)

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19
Q

hydrocele presentation

A

scrotal swelling that can be transluminated

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20
Q

testicular tumors

A

firm, painless mass that cannot be transilluminated

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21
Q

testicular tumors are not

A

Bx they are just removed

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22
Q

Germ cell tumor

A

most common, age of 15-40

23
Q

risks for germ cell tumor

A

cryptorchidism and klinefelter syndrome

24
Q

germ cell tumors subtypes

A

seminoma and non-seminoma

25
Seminoma
malignamt tumor of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei; no hemorrhage or necrosis, may produce B-hCG
26
Seminoma prognosis
good, responds to therapy
27
embryonal carcinoma
malignant tumor of immature primitive cells that may form glands; hemorrage mass with necrosis; aggressive with early spread; chemotherapy may result in differentiation (may push it to a teratoma); may secrete AFP or B-hCG
28
yolk sac tumor
most common in children; yolk sac elements; AFP is characteristically elevated
29
yolk sac histology
shiller-duval body aka glomeruloid like structure
30
choriocarcinoma
malignant tumor of synctiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts; early spread to blood; B-hCG characteristic elevated (can lead to hyperthryroid or gynecomastia; its from the syncytioblasts (B-hCG))
31
teratoma
tumor of mature fetal tissue; derived from 2-3 embryo layers; malignant in males but not females; AFP and B-hCG may be increased
32
mixed germ cell tumors
germ cell tumors are usually mixed; prognosis is based on worse component
33
sex cord stromal tumors
benign; resemble sex cord stromal tissue of testicle
34
leydig cell tumor
sex cord tumor; produces androgen; early puberty in children; gynecomastia in adults
35
leydig cell tumor histology
reinke crystals
36
sertoli cell tumor
comprised of tubules; clinically silent
37
lymphoma in testicle
most common cause of testicular mass in males > 60; usually Diffuse large B cell lymphona
38
acute prostatitis
usually for bacteria
39
acute prostatitis young adults
chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae
40
acute prostatitis older adults
E. coli, pseudomonas
41
acute prostatitis presentation
tender boggy prostate; dysuria with fever and chills; secretions have WBC and bacteria
42
chronic prostatisis
secretions show WBC but NO bacteria
43
chronic prostatis presents
dysuria with pelvic or LBP
44
BPH
hyperplasia of stroma and glands; age related change; no inc. risk for cancer; related to DHT; occurs in periurethral zone of prostate
45
clinical features of BPH
problems starting/stopping urine stream; impaired bladder emptying; dribbling; hypertrophy bladder smooth wall muscle; microscopic hematuria; PSA slightly elevated
46
Tx of BPH
alpha 1 antagonist, selective alpha 1 A antagonist, 5alpha reductase inhbitor
47
prostatic adenocarcinoma
malignant proliferation of prostatic glands; most common caner in men
48
prostatic adenocarcinoma risk factors
age, race (africans then caucasion then asian), high saturated fat diet
49
prostatic adenocarcinoma location
posterior peri. of prostate
50
prostatic adenocarcinoma screening
50 with digital rectal exam and PSA; PSA > 10 is worrisome; low percentage free PSA is suggestive of cancer
51
prostatic adenocarcinoma histology
glands in normal tissue and also prominent nucleoli in cells
52
gleason grading system
based on architecture and NOT nuclear atypia
53
prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatis is usually to
lumbar spine; osteoblastic metastates; presents with LBP and increeased alkaline phosphatase, PSA and PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase)
54
Tx of prostatic adenocarcinoma
removal, GnRH analogs, androgen receptor inhibitor

Pathology (7 decks)

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