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Pathology > male reproductive > Flashcards

male reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

hypospadias

A

urethra opens on inferior surface of penis, due to urethral folds failing to close

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2
Q

epispadias

A

open of urethra on superior surface; due to abnormal position of genital tubercle; assoc with bladder exstrophy

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3
Q

condyloma acuminatum

A

benign wart; from HPV 6 or 11; koilocytic change

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4
Q

lympogranuloma vereum

A

necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of inguinal lymphatics and nodes

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5
Q

lymphogranuloma venereum cause

A

chlamydia trach. serotypes L1-3

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6
Q

lymphogranuloma vereum leads to

A

fibrosis and perianal itching causing rectral strictures

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7
Q

squamous cell carcinoma of penis

A

malignant proliferation of squamous cells on penis

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8
Q

SCC of penis risk fasctors

A

HPV, lack of circumcision

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9
Q

precursor lesions of SCC for penis

A

bowen disease (shaft, leukoplakia type lesion), erythroplasia of queyrat (glans, erythroplakia look), bowenoid papulosis (reddish papules, usually does not invade)

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10
Q

cryptorchidism

A

failure of testicles to descent to scrotal sac; most common congenital male repro abnorm; most cases resolve spontaneously

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11
Q

orchitis

A

testicle inflammation

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12
Q

orchitis causes

A

C. Trach (D-K), neisseria gonorrhoeae, E. coli, Pseudomonas, mumps virus, autoimmune orchitis

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13
Q

testicular torsion

A

twisitng of spermatic cord; leads to hemorrhagic infarction

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14
Q

congenital cause of testicular torsion

A

failure of testes to attach to inner lining of scrotum

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15
Q

presenation of testicular torsion

A

sudden testicular pain, absent cremasteric reflex; usually in adolescents

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16
Q

Varicocele

A

dilation of spermatic verin due to impaired drainage

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17
Q

varicocele presetation

A

scrotal swelling with “bag of worms” appearance; usually leftsided and can be associated with L-renal cell carcinoma; seen in a large percentage of infertile males

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18
Q

hydrocele

A

fluid collection in tunica vaginalis; assoc with incomplete closure of processus vaginalis (infants) or blockage of lymphatic drainage (adults)

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19
Q

hydrocele presentation

A

scrotal swelling that can be transluminated

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20
Q

testicular tumors

A

firm, painless mass that cannot be transilluminated

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21
Q

testicular tumors are not

A

Bx they are just removed

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22
Q

Germ cell tumor

A

most common, age of 15-40

23
Q

risks for germ cell tumor

A

cryptorchidism and klinefelter syndrome

24
Q

germ cell tumors subtypes

A

seminoma and non-seminoma

25
Q

Seminoma

A

malignamt tumor of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei; no hemorrhage or necrosis, may produce B-hCG

26
Q

Seminoma prognosis

A

good, responds to therapy

27
Q

embryonal carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of immature primitive cells that may form glands; hemorrage mass with necrosis; aggressive with early spread; chemotherapy may result in differentiation (may push it to a teratoma); may secrete AFP or B-hCG

28
Q

yolk sac tumor

A

most common in children; yolk sac elements; AFP is characteristically elevated

29
Q

yolk sac histology

A

shiller-duval body aka glomeruloid like structure

30
Q

choriocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor of synctiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts; early spread to blood; B-hCG characteristic elevated (can lead to hyperthryroid or gynecomastia; its from the syncytioblasts (B-hCG))

31
Q

teratoma

A

tumor of mature fetal tissue; derived from 2-3 embryo layers; malignant in males but not females; AFP and B-hCG may be increased

32
Q

mixed germ cell tumors

A

germ cell tumors are usually mixed; prognosis is based on worse component

33
Q

sex cord stromal tumors

A

benign; resemble sex cord stromal tissue of testicle

34
Q

leydig cell tumor

A

sex cord tumor; produces androgen; early puberty in children; gynecomastia in adults

35
Q

leydig cell tumor histology

A

reinke crystals

36
Q

sertoli cell tumor

A

comprised of tubules; clinically silent

37
Q

lymphoma in testicle

A

most common cause of testicular mass in males > 60; usually Diffuse large B cell lymphona

38
Q

acute prostatitis

A

usually for bacteria

39
Q

acute prostatitis young adults

A

chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae

40
Q

acute prostatitis older adults

A

E. coli, pseudomonas

41
Q

acute prostatitis presentation

A

tender boggy prostate; dysuria with fever and chills; secretions have WBC and bacteria

42
Q

chronic prostatisis

A

secretions show WBC but NO bacteria

43
Q

chronic prostatis presents

A

dysuria with pelvic or LBP

44
Q

BPH

A

hyperplasia of stroma and glands; age related change; no inc. risk for cancer; related to DHT; occurs in periurethral zone of prostate

45
Q

clinical features of BPH

A

problems starting/stopping urine stream; impaired bladder emptying; dribbling; hypertrophy bladder smooth wall muscle; microscopic hematuria; PSA slightly elevated

46
Q

Tx of BPH

A

alpha 1 antagonist, selective alpha 1 A antagonist, 5alpha reductase inhbitor

47
Q

prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

malignant proliferation of prostatic glands; most common caner in men

48
Q

prostatic adenocarcinoma risk factors

A

age, race (africans then caucasion then asian), high saturated fat diet

49
Q

prostatic adenocarcinoma location

A

posterior peri. of prostate

50
Q

prostatic adenocarcinoma screening

A

50 with digital rectal exam and PSA; PSA > 10 is worrisome; low percentage free PSA is suggestive of cancer

51
Q

prostatic adenocarcinoma histology

A

glands in normal tissue and also prominent nucleoli in cells

52
Q

gleason grading system

A

based on architecture and NOT nuclear atypia

53
Q

prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatis is usually to

A

lumbar spine; osteoblastic metastates; presents with LBP and increeased alkaline phosphatase, PSA and PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase)

54
Q

Tx of prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

removal, GnRH analogs, androgen receptor inhibitor

Pathology (7 decks)

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