Respiratory 2 Flashcards
What are the three portions of the respiratory system?
1-air conducting portion
2- respiratory portion for gas exchange
3- mechanism for ventilation
Two other functions of the resp system
olfaction and phonation
nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses function
warming and moistening air/ filtering dust
what warms or cools the air?
venous plexus
turbulence from conchae
nasal cavity lining
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
pharynx
muscular tube that connects the nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus
base of skull- C6
structure of larynx
cartilaginous and held together by ligaments and membranes
supraglottis
inferior surface of the epiglottis to the vestibular folds
glottis
contains vocal cords and 1cm below
rima glottidis
opening between the vocal cords
subglottis
inferior border of glottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
3 unpaired cartilages in larynx
epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid
3 paired cartilages in laynx
arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform
where does the hyoid bone sit
superior to thyroid cartilage
blood supply of larynx
superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
motor and sensory innervation come from branches off what nerve?
vagus nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve
sensory innervation to subglottis
motor innervation to internal muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid)
superior laryngeal nerve internal branch
sensory innervation to supraglottis
superior laryngeal nerve external branch
motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle (vocal cords)
causes of RLN palsy
apical lung tumor, thyroid cancer, aortic aneurysm
unilateral vs bilateral palsy
unilateral then one vocal cord can compensate
bilateral depends on adduction or abduction
mechanism of cough reflex (7)
1- 2.5 L air inspir
2- epiglot closes and vocal cords close
3- abdominal muscles contract push against diaphragm
4- internal intercostal contract
5- pressure builds to 100mmHg, trachea narrows
6- vocal cords and epoglot open
7- air expelled from 75-100mph
which main stem bronchus is shorter and wider?
the right
if a patient aspirated which bronchus are items LESS likely to fall into?
left
when does development of the respiratory tract begin?
in week 4 with the appearance of laryngeotracheal diverticulum
what do the secondary of lobar bronchi make?
the number of lobes of the lungs
how many lobes does each side of the lung have?
Right Lung- 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower)
left lung- 2 lobes (upper and lower)
do the two lungs share a pleural sac?
NO they each have separate pleural sacs to protect from the spread of disease or infection
T/F lungs recoil to about 1/4 their size (inflated)
FALSE, 1/3 their size
oblique fissure
between superior or middle and inferior
horizontal fissure
between superior and middle
Which lung is heavier and wider and larger?
RIGHT LUNG
What fissure is found in the left lung?
oblique fissure
what are the two unique features of the left lung?
cardiac notch
lingula (analogous to middle lobe of right lung)
root of the lung
structures contained in the pulmonary sleeve and enter the hilum
hilum of the lung
area where structures forming the root touch the lung tissue
what structures form the root?
pulmonary arteries (superior) main bronchi (posterior) pulmonary veins (1 anterior, 1 inferior)
what surface impressions can be found on the right lung?
azygous vein right brachiocephalic vein SVC Esophagus heart
what surface impressions can be found on the left lung?
esophagus
aorta
left subclavian artery
heart
how long is the rt main stem bronchi
2-3 cm
how long is the left main stem bronchi?
5cm
how many lobular (secondary) bronchi are on the Rt and how many on the left?
3 right
2 left
how many segmental (tertiary) bronchi are on the right and left?
10 right
8 left
what bronchi have cresent shaped cartilage?
lobar bronchi
bronchopulmonary segment
anatomical, functional and surgical unit of lung
what supplies blood supply to the bronchi, lung roots and supporting lung tissue?
bronchial arteries (arise from descending aorta
where are the nerves of the lungs derived from?
the pulmonary plexuses
parasympathetic
vagus nerve
secretion from glands, constriction of bronchial muscle, vasodilation
sympathetic
sympathetic trunk
bronchodilation
vasoconstriction
visceral/ afferent
conduct pain impulse to sensory ganglion of vagus nerve
asthma
narrow airway
tightened muscle
mucous
lymph nodes around bronchi
pick up carbon, dust, pollutants
travel up and out of lungs
visceral pleura
surrounds and touches the lungs
parietal pleura
covers the internal surface of the thoracic cavity
pleural cavity
space between pleura
are the pleura continuous with eachother?
yes
pleural recess
places where the parietal pleura is not full of the lungs
why is a pleural recess clinically important?
fluid collection for certain diseases
what are the two pleural recesses?
costomediastinal (anterior border)
costodiaphragmatic (inferior border)
thoracentesis
needled inserted into pleural space to remove excess fluid
pleural effusion
excess fluid in the pleural space
visceral pleura blood supply
bronchial arterial system
drains to pulmonary veins
parietal pleura blood supply
depending on the structure they cover: cervical= intercostal costal= intercostal diaphrag= intercostal & pericardiacophrenic medistinal= pericariacophrenic drainage with companion of above vessel
Visceral pleura innervatin
NONE
parietal pleura innervation
identical to vascular supply
stages of development (4)
3-16wk- formation of major airways, bronchial tree
16-24wk- periphery formed, epithelial differentiation
24-36wk- expansion of air spaces, SURFACTANT detectable
36-birth- secondary septation
pneumonia
swelling of alveolar walls, fluid in alveolar spaces
could result in solidifcation
emphysema
smoking related
COPD
loss of capilary and blebs
When would you see a barrel chest?
emphysema
what causes a smokers lungs to become black?
accumulation of carbon in the lymph nodes
bronchogenic carcinoma
could obstruct lungs and cause collapse
