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Anatomy for AAs > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

pericardium

A

fibroserous fluid filled sack surrounds the heart

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2
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

outtermost layer of pericardium, lines body of heart and roots of vessels

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3
Q

parietal pericardium

A

lines the fibrous sack

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4
Q

visceral pericardium

A

lines the heart

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5
Q

serous pericardium

A

parietal and visceral pericardium

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6
Q

function of the fibrous pericardium

A

retain the heart in position, limit distension

prevents sudden overfilling

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7
Q

other name for the visceral pericardium

A

epicardium

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8
Q

where is the heart not associated with the epicardium?

A

posterior and irregular areas

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9
Q

functions of the pericardium (4)

A

fixes the heart in place
prevents overfilling
lubrication
protection from infection

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10
Q

what supplies blood to the pericardium?

A

percardiacophrenic arteries
musculophrenic arteries
branches of the thoractic aorta

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11
Q

what blood supplies only the visceral layer?

A

coronary arteries

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12
Q

what drains the blood for the pericardium?

A

pericardiophrenic veins
internal thoracic veins
azygos system

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13
Q

where does the innervation to the fibrous and parietal layers come from

A

C3-C5

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14
Q

where does the innervation for the visceral layer come from

A

the cardiac plexus

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15
Q

can the visceral layer feel pain?

A

No

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16
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

irritated layers rub against one another

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17
Q

pericardial effusion

A

build up of fluid in the pericardial space

cardiac tamponade

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18
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

aspiration of fluid from the pericardial space

treatment for cardiac tamponade

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19
Q

is the aorta to the left, right or midline?

A

midline

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20
Q

the heart runs from ___ to ____intercostal spaces

A

2nd intercostal to 5th intercostal

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21
Q

where is the apex?

A

fifth intercostal space

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22
Q

where does venous input come in?

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

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23
Q

where does the arterial output go out?

A

aorta

pulmonary trunks/arteriers

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24
Q

tricuspid valve

A

between RA and RV

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25
Q

pulmonic valve (semi lunar)

A

between RV and pulmonary artery

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26
Q

mitral valve

A

between LV and LV

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27
Q

aortic valve (semi lunar)

A

between LV and aorta

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28
Q

anterior interventricular groove

A

anterior view of heart seen separarting the RV and LV

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29
Q

atrioventricular groove

coronary groove

A

anterior view of heart

seen separating the RA and RV

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30
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk take blood to? is it oxygenated?

A

deoxygenated

lungs

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31
Q

If you were stabbed in the chest in the 4th intercostal space which ventricle would you most likely stab?

A

RV

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32
Q

what are the two parts of the RA

A

sinus venarum

pecinate muscles

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33
Q

interartial septum

A

divides RA from LA

fossa ovali found here

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34
Q

sinus venarum

A

smooth thin wall
VC and coronary sinus is received here
derived from embryonic sinus venosus

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35
Q

pectinate muscles

A

divided from sinus venarum by crista terminalis

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36
Q

formation of the interartial septum (6)

A

1-formation of 1st septum (septum primum)
2-formation of opening (ostium primum) before septum primum fuses
3-formation of septum secundum, and ostium secundum (foramen ovale)
4- flap valve created
5- blood bypass lungs by going from RA to LA
6- fetus lungs not inflated (bypass needed)

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37
Q

what does foramen ovale turn into after birth?

A

fossa ovalis

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38
Q

what is the % of people that have an atrial septal defect?

A

25%

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39
Q

what does an atrial septal defect cause?

A

oxygenated blood to be shunted from the LA to the RA and the lungs to be overloaded
RA, RV and pulm trunk enlargement

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40
Q

doorway from RA to RV

A

right artriventricular orifice (tricuspid valve protects)

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41
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

irregular muscular elevations on the internal surface of the RV and LV

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42
Q

what are the two parts of the interventricular septum?

A

muscular part

membranous part that is superior and posterior

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43
Q

what is the shape of blood flow in the RV?

A

A U shape

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44
Q

What happens to the IV septum during systole (contraction)?

A

stiffens

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45
Q

what are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

anterior cusp
posterior cusp
septal cusp

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46
Q

papillary muscles (3) of tricuspid valve

A

anterior
posterior
septal

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47
Q

what is special about the anterior papillary muscle?

A

septomarginal trabculum carries the right branch of the AV bundle to it

48
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

attached to papillary muscles and when taunt close the tricuspid valve/mitral valve to prevent backflow when the RV/LV is contracting

49
Q

Will the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve be open or closed during diastole?

A

open

50
Q

What brings the oxygenated blood to the LA?

A

the four pulmonary veins

51
Q

interior of the left atrium

A

smooth except for pectinate muscles in left auricle

52
Q

doorway from LA to LV

A

left atrioventricular orifice

mitral valve protects

53
Q

What is special about the trabeculae carneae in the LV?

A

finer and more numerous than the RV

54
Q

Which is thicker and by how much, the RV or the LV?

A

the LV by two times

55
Q

aortic vestibule

A

smooth-walled part that leads to aorta

56
Q

what is the change in direction for the blood flow from RA to Aorta

A

180 degrees

57
Q

what are the two parts of the interventricular septum?

A 
membranour part (superior)
muscular part (inferior)
58
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

59
Q

what percent of congenital heart defects are VSDs?

A

25%

60
Q

Do VSDs normally occur in the membranous or muscular portion of the septum?

A

muscular (spontaneously close)

side note: (membranous are commonly corrected surgically)

61
Q

what are the cusps of the mitral valve?

A

anterior cusp

posterior cusp

62
Q

what are the papillary muscles of the mitral valve?

A

anterior

posterior

63
Q

Which valve is the most commonly diseased valve?

A

mitral valve
nodules form resulting in turbulent flow
prolapse occurs up to 7% of females
erodes endothelial surface and predispose to endocardial infxn

64
Q

what are two potential results of mitral valve prolapse

A

predisposition to endocardial infxn

enlargement of the LV

65
Q

what do the pulmonary and aortic valves have in common

A

3 cup like cusps that prevent backflow into ventricles during diastoli

66
Q

how are the semilunar valves formed (3 steps)?

A

1- early devel. common outflow for both ventricles has 4 cusps (R,L,A,P)
2- division into two vessels (aortic= P,R,L, pulm= A, R,L)
3- partial rotation for final arrangement

67
Q

sinoatrial node

A

group of auto depolarizing specialized cardiac muscle cells create rhythm of heart (initiates cardiac muscle contraction and determines heart rate)

68
Q

where is the SA node located

A

wall of the RA near opening of SVC

69
Q

where is the AV node located?

A

in the interatrial septim superior to the opening of the coronary sinus

70
Q

AV bundle

A

passes from the AV node and divides into the right and left bundle branches

71
Q

what do the left and right bundle branches give rise to?

A

the purkinje fibers

72
Q

sympathetic innervation

A

lateral horn T1-T5

increase HR, impulse conduction, force of contraction, BF to coronary arteries

73
Q

sym pregang cells

A

cervical and superior throacic paravertebral ganglia

74
Q

sym postsyn cells

A

carried in thoracic splanchnic nerves
contribute to cardiac plexus
SA, AV and coronary arteries

75
Q

parasym innervation

A

vagus nerve
decrease HR
decrease force of contraction
constriction of coronary arteries

76
Q

parasym presyn cells

A

contribute to cardiac plexus

77
Q

parasym postgang cells

A

located in cardiac walls near SA, AV, and coronary arteries

78
Q

visceral afferent cardiac innervation

A

follow path of sym backwards

79
Q

aorticopulmonary (AP) septum

A

septum separating the aorta and pulmonary trunk

spiral in shape

80
Q

is the pulmonary trunk anterior or posterior at the base of the AP septum? what about at the top?

A

anterior (base)

posterior (top)

81
Q

what are the 3 malformations of the AP septum?

A

truncus arteriosus
transposition of great arteries (vessels)
tetralogy of fallot (OH FUCK)

82
Q

truncus arteriosus

A

no septum formation (shared outflow tract)
1-2% of congenital heart defects
usually seen with a VSD
cyanosis, sign of heart failure

83
Q

transposition of the great arteries (TGA)

A

no spiral in septum
RV attaches to aorta
“BLUE BABIES”

84
Q

arterial switch procedure

A

remove vessels above valves, switch, reattach and attach coronary arteries to the aorta

85
Q

tetralogy of fallot (4)

A

narrow of pulmonary valve
thickening of RV wall
displavement of aorta
VSD

86
Q

pulmonary stenosis

A

small valve opening

87
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

vascular structure that connects the main pulm artery to the aorta (IN BABES for bypass of lungs)

88
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus turn into once the baby is born?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

89
Q

What nerve runs close to the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

left recurrent laryngeal nerve= could present as issues with the throat/voice

90
Q

where are the R/L coronary arteries located?

A

epicardium

in atrioventricular and interventricular grooves

91
Q

what do the coronary arteries supply blood to?

A

epicardium

myocardium

92
Q

RCA supplies

A

SA (60%)and AV (80-90%)nodes
RA
RV
posterior 1/3 interventricular septum

93
Q

when would a person be called right heart dominant?

A

when the RCA gives off the posterior interventricular

94
Q

what does the right marginal artery supply?

A

the RV

does not reach apex

95
Q

another name for the posterior interventricular

A

posterior descending

96
Q

What supplies the AV node with blood?

A

posterior interventricular

97
Q

RCA branches

A

sa node
right marginal
av node
posterior interventricular

98
Q

LCA branches

A 
circumflex
anterior interventricular (LAD)
99
Q

what are LAD branches that go to the left?

A

diagonal branches

100
Q

what are circumflex branches that go to the left?

A

obtuse branches (left marginal)

101
Q

what percent of the time does the circumflex supply the AV node? SA node?

A

AV 10-20%

SA 40%

102
Q

LCA supplies

A 
LA
LV
portion of RV
interventricular septum anterior 2/3
av node (10-20%)
sa node (40%)
103
Q

codominance

A

18%, both RCA and LCA give rise to branches that course in or near the post interven groove

104
Q

right dominant no circumflex

A

the RCA sends a branch around the aorta and back around the heart in the same pattern at the circumflex

105
Q

left dominant no RCA

A

no RCA at all and the left must compensate

106
Q

common arterial disorders (4)

A

arteriosclerosis (hardening)
atherosclerosis (fatty build up)
Htn
aneurysms (buldge of vessel)

107
Q

cardiac infarction and cerebral infarction result from what

A

occlusion of the blood vessel

108
Q

atherosclerosis

A

slow build up of plaque causing restricted blood flow

genetic, high cholesterol, male, old, smoking, Htn

109
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease caused by atherosclerosis

110
Q

thrombus

A

clot that forms on the inside of a vessel

if dislodged can is a emboli

111
Q

bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

life threatening is called sepsis

112
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

occlusion of major artery in heart
tissue becomes necrotic
HEART ATTACK

113
Q

most veins on the heart empty into

A

coronary sinus

114
Q

where do the anterior cardiac veins drain to?

A

the RA

115
Q

small cardiac vein runs with what artery

A

right marginal artery

116
Q

what does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

the RA

117
Q

when do you call the vein the coronary sinus

A

when the smooth muscle in the vein wall is replaced by cardiac muscle

Anatomy for AAs (9 decks)

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