Respiratory

Question 1

Inhalation

Answer 1

taking in air, a mixture of gases that includes oxygen

Question 2

Exhalation

Answer 2

expelling air, a mixture of gases that includes waste gases

Question 3

External respiration

Answer 3

gas exchange between the air in the lungs
and the blood in the capillaries

Question 4

Internal respiration

Answer 4

gas exchange between the blood and the
body cells

Question 5

Cellular respiration

Answer 5

the use of oxygen to metabolize glucose
and produce ATP energy and waste gases: carbon dioxide and water
vapour

Question 6

Respiratory System

Answer 6

Responsible for gas exchange between organism and the
environment

Question 7

How do single-celled organisms absorb O2?

Answer 7

-Diffusion
- a large moist surface

Question 8

What are the parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 8

The parts include:
● Nose and Nasal Cavity
● Pharynx
● Larynx
● Trachea
● Bronchi (plural of bronchus)
● Bronchioles
● Lungs
● Alveoli
● Diaphragm

Question 9

Nose and nasal cavity

Answer 9

-Mucous and tiny hairs lining the
nasal cavity filter air by trapping
foreign particles.
– Air is warmed and moistened in
the nasal cavity

Question 10

Turbinate bone

Answer 10

-Found inside your nasal cavity
• Long, narrow and curled bone shelf which warm and moisten air
• Filter out foreign particles

Question 11

Pharynx

Answer 11

The pharynx connects the oral
and nasal cavity to the
esophagus and trachea

Question 12

epiglottis

Answer 12

-During breathing, the epiglottis is
open allowing air to pass.
● During swallowing, the epiglottis
is closed to allow food or drink
into the entrance of the
esophagus

Question 13

Larynx

Answer 13

• Made of different types of
  cartilage and muscle.
  ● Also known as the voice box, the
  larynx has two vocal folds that
  control pitch and volume of
  sound vibrations

Question 14

Trachea

Answer 14

-carries air from the larynx to
the bronchi.
- Tiny hairs (cilia) and
mucous-producing cells line the
trachea to filter any foreign
matter.
● The walls of the trachea contain
many rings of cartilage, muscle
and connective tissue that
keep the tube open at all times

Question 15

Bronchi

Answer 15

-The trachea branches into
two primary bronchi: the
left and right bronchus.
-Each bronchus leads to a
lung.
● The walls of both bronchi
have cartilage bands for
support in addition to
smooth muscle

Question 16

Bronchioles

Answer 16

-The air passes through the left or right bronchus and branches into
many smaller passageways called bronchioles.
-The walls of bronchioles do not
have cartilage rings, and contain
muscle
- The nervous and endocrine
systems both control the
diameter of the bronchioles

Question 17

Alveoli

Answer 17

-tiny sacs
-Alveoli collapse and inflate
during breathing
-Each alveolus is wrapped in a
capillary network.

Question 18

How does gas exchange work in the alveoli? How are the alveoli specialized?

Answer 18

-Gas exchange between the air
and blood occurs across the
membranes and is driven by
concentration gradients.

-large surface area for diffusion

-thin walls for short diffusion
distance

-a surrounding net of
pulmonary capillaries
(tiny blood vessels to
exchange gases with
the blood)

Question 19

Pleural Membranes

Answer 19

-thin membranes that cover the
outside of the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity.
-The adhesion (sticking) of the
membranes to each other
causes the lung volume to
change with the chest cavity
volume.
● Friction is reduced by a small
amount of fluid between the
membranes

Question 20

How does breathing work?

Answer 20

Gases move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

• As volume increases, pressure
decreases
– Manipulating the volume of the lungs can
affect air movement in and out of the lungs
Diap

Question 21

Diaphragm

Answer 21

Dome shaped muscle that sits under the
lungs
– Contracts to increase the volume of the
lungs (and thoracic cavity) DOME FLATTENS
– Relaxes to decrease the volume of the
lungs (and thoracic cavity

Question 22

When I am inhaling and gases go in…

Answer 22

Diaphragm: flattens, contracts

Intercostal Muscles: conract, the ribs mob up an out

Volume increases

Pressure decreases

Question 23

When I exhale and gases go out…

Answer 23

Diaphragm: domes, relaxes

Intercostal Muscles: relax, the ribs go down and in

Volume decreases

Pressure increases

Question 24

Intercostal Muscles

Answer 24

Muscles between the ribs that assist in
breathing.
– Contracts to increase the volume of the
lungs (and thoracic cavity)
– Relaxes to decrease the volume of the
lungs (and thoracic cavity

Question 25

Gas Exchange with CO2 and O2

Answer 25

-Blood coming from body
tissues is high in CO2
while air carried into the
lungs is high in O2
-Oxygen diffuses from
higher concentrations
inside the alveoli to
lower concentrations
in the blood
capillaries
-Carbon dioxide
diffuses from higher
concentrations in the
blood to lower
concentrations inside
the alveoli

Question 26

Hemoglobin

Answer 26

the
protein that transports
oxygen and a small
amount of carbon
dioxide in your
bloodstream

Question 27

Oxygen Transport

Answer 27

Hemoglobin contains iron,
called a heme group
• Each heme group in iron
binds with oxygen to make
oxyhemoglobin

Question 28

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Answer 28

Most of the bodies carbon
dioxide (about 64% of it) is
transported to the lungs as
bicarbonate ion in the plasma.

Under the influence of
carbonic anhydrase, an
enzyme found in red blood
cells, carbon dioxide combines
with water to form carbonic
acid (H2CO3), which then,
dissociates into H+ and HCO3–
ions.

9% of CO2 diffuses straight into plasma

27% of CO2 combines its hemoglobin to form carbamino-hemoglobin

Question 29

TIDAL VOLUME

Answer 29

amount air exchanged with
each normal breath

Question 30

INSPIRATORY RESERVE

Answer 30

additional air that can be inhaled over and above the tidal volume (from peak of TV to the max inhale volume)

Question 31

EXPIRATORY RESERVE

Answer 31

extra air that can be forcibly exhaled
in excess of the tidal volume

Question 32

VITAL CAPACITY

Answer 32

the maximum
amount of air that can be forcibly
exchanged(does not include the residual volume)

Question 33

RESIDUAL VOLUME

Answer 33

amount of air
that remains in lungs after forceful
expiration.

Question 34

medulla oblongata in the brain

Answer 34

Controls breathing movements

Question 35

chemoreceptors

Answer 35

-detects chemicals
-Detects information about carbon dioxide
and oxygen levels

Question 36

When the CO2 level is TOO HIGH

Answer 36

the CO2 chemoreceptor is activated in the
medulla oblongata– increase in
breathing
• Increase in breathing – expels CO2

Question 37

When the OXYGEN LEVELS ARE TOO LOW

Answer 37

Oxygen chemoreceptors – detect
low oxygen levels and are found in the
carotid and aortic arteries
• Increase in breathing – oxygen levels
rise

Question 38

Bronchitis

Answer 38

– narrowing of air
passages
– inflammation of mucous
lining in bronchial tubes
– decreased air movement
in bronchi

Question 39

Asthma

Answer 39

• Caused by spasms in the bronchi
of the lungs, which results in
difficulty in breathing
• It usually results from an allergic
reaction or other forms of
hypersensitivity
• Can be caused by environmental
and genetic factors
• Treated with Steroid inhalers

Question 40

Emphysema

Answer 40

• Walls of alveoli become inflamed
– destroys air sacs – eventually
stretched and ruptured
• Less surface area for gas exchange
– decreased oxygen levels
• Difficult to exhale
• Most common cause: SMOKING

Question 41

Smoking and Lung Cancer

Answer 41

Cigarette smoke irritates
cells – mucous
production increases

Tar in cigarette smoke
slows action of cilia – tar
becomes trapped in
mucous

Chemicals in smoke cause
cancerous cells

Difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing – trying to get dirt out

Question 42

Pnemonia

Answer 42

-Lung infection where
the alveoli fill with
pus or fluid
• Makes gas exchange
difficult because less
space for gas
exchange