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Biology 20 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

Motor System

A

converts chemical
potential energy (ATP) into the kinetic
energy of muscle contractions.
-A muscle is any tissue that is capable of
contraction
-The motor system allows for body movement

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2
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

• Have one nucleus
• Long and tapered at the
ends
• Arranged in parallel lines
forming sheets
• Involuntary contraction
• Form walls of internal
organs

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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • Found only in the
    heart
    • Striated (Bands of
    Light and Dark) and
    branched
    • One nucleus
    • Contract involuntarily
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4
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

-Tissue is striated - Looks like it has stripes
• Can be very long
• Many nuclei
• Contract Voluntarily
• Attached to bones
• Referred to as fibers
- can only pull when they contract

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5
Q

Antagonistic Pair

A

Contracts and relaxes at the same time in order to move joints

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6
Q

Hierarchy of Skeletal Muscles

A

Breakdown of Skeletal Muscles, from Most Complex to Simplest
___________ Muscles (Organ)______________ Fasicles- Bundles of Muscle Fibres/Muscle Cells (Tissue)
___________MuscleFibre(Cell)___________

Sarcolemma(Cell Membrane of Muscle Cell)

Sarcoplasm(Cytoplasm of Muscle Cell)

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum(Organelle of Muscle Cell)

Transverse Tubules(Contains bundles of Myofibrils)

Myofibrils(Organelle)(Bundles of Myofilaments)

Myofilaments(molecule)

Sarcomere (atom) (basic unit of a striated muscle)

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7
Q

muscle fibre

A

A single muscle cell

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8
Q

sarcolemma

A

the cell membrane of a muscle fibre.

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9
Q

sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of a muscle fibre

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10
Q

Muscle

A

composed of
many bundles of muscle
fibres(fascicles)and associated
nerves and blood vessels.

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11
Q

Muscle Fibre

A

composed of myofibrils

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12
Q

Myofibrils

A

composed
two types of protein
myofilaments, actin and
myosin.

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13
Q

Actin

A

-thin filament

-Made of 2 actin myofilaments twisted together (2
strands of pearls)
• Has myosin binding-sites
• Has 2 regulatory proteins on it

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14
Q

Myosin

A

-thick filament
-Two strands of protein molecules wrapped around
each other
– 10 X bigger than actin and have a different shape
– Bundled so that half of the molecules have their
head facing one direction, the other half, the
opposite direction
-Has many myosin heads (which want to bind to actin)
• Powered by ATP

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15
Q

Sliding Filament Model

A

• In this model, the myosin filaments pull the actin filaments
inward, towards the M line.
• Since the actin molecules are attached to the Z lines, the Z lines
are pulled inward.
• Since the myofibrils are attached to the sarcolemma of the
muscle fibre, these contractions cause the entire muscle cell to
contract

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16
Q

WHICH SOURCE OF ENERGY DO WE USE FIRST?

A
  1. Creatine phosphate– Lasts for the first 8 sec,
    fastest way to make ATP
  2. Aerobic Respiration – Until Oxygen runs out
  3. Anaerobic Respiration – Can use this for
    about 2-3 min until muscle cramping occurs
17
Q

The Cross Bridge Cycle

A
  1. an action potential(nerve impulse)
    triggers the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions
  2. Ca2+ is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. Ca2+ binds to troponin
  4. The binding of Ca2+ causes troponin to change shape and roll tropomyosin off the myosin-binding
    sites
  5. The myosin head cocks, forming a cross-bridge between the myosin head and myosin-binding site
  6. Myosin pulls actin toward the M-line. This is called
    the POWER-STROKE.
  7. ATP binds to myosin, allowing it to break the cross-bridge. Steps 4 6 repeat as long as Ca2+ and ATP are present.
    7.5. Myosin releases actin so that myosin can grab another binding-site and pull actin closer to the
    M-line
18
Q

Sarcomere

A

-Together the
myofilaments
make up a
sarcomere.
– Basic unit of
striated or
skeletal muscle
-when a sarcomere is relaxed,
tropomyosin is blocking the myosin-binding sites
on actin.

19
Q

Cross Bridge

A

is formed when a
myosin head binds to a myosin-binding site on
actin.

20
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Rod-like
• Stiffens and stabilizes actin (actin is like a wet noodle)
• Blocks myosin-binding sites when a muscle is relaxed

21
Q

Troponin

A

Made of 3 subunits
• 1 subunit binds it to actin
• 1 subunit binds it to tropomyosin
• 1 subunit binds to calcium ions

Biology 20 (6 decks)

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