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Biology 20 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Ingestion

A

taking in food, Occurs through your mouth, starts PD and CD

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2
Q

Digestion

A

the process by which the body breaks down food into smaller, absorbable pieces

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3
Q

Absorption

A

making nutrients in food available to your circulatory system, takes place in the small intestines

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4
Q

Egestion

A

getting rid of indigestible food, in the large intestines

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5
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

breaking down large complex molecules into smaller, simpler molecules through enzymatic reactions

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6
Q

Physical Digestion

A

physically breaking down food into smaller pieces through chewing, grinding, crushing and churning of food.

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7
Q

digestive tract

A

Includes the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, sphincters, the small intestine and the large intestine

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8
Q

Accessory organs

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

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9
Q

Oral Cavity

A

The Mouth

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10
Q

PD in the Mouth

A

teeth masticate(chew) the food

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11
Q

Mastication

A

chewing; makes the process of CD faster

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12
Q

Enzymes found in the Mouth

A

Amylase(breaks down starches), Lipase (breaks down lipids)

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13
Q

Saliva

A

secreted by salivary glands in the oral cavity, softens food

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14
Q

Bolus

A

a small rounded mass of a substance, especially of chewed food at the moment of swallowing.

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15
Q

epiglottis

A

flap-like structure located at the base of the tongue in the human throat, a flexible cartilage that closes the trachea when swallowing.

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16
Q

Pharynx

A

The “crossroad” between mouth, nose, trachea and esophagus.

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17
Q

esophagus

A

25 cm long muscular tube which transports food and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach

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18
Q

Peristalsis

A

involuntary waves of smooth muscular contractions which pushes food down the esophagus

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19
Q

Stomach

A

A sac where most of our digestion (break down of food) occurs. Does PD and CD

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20
Q

PD in the Stomach

A

three layers of muscle arranged in longitudinal, circular, and oblique (diagonal) rows. These muscles allow the stomach to squeeze and churn the food

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21
Q

CD in the Stomach

A

Gastric Glands in the wall of the stomach produce hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen. HCL kills bacteria and creates a right pH for the enzymes to function

22
Q

Enzymes in the Stomach

A

Pepsin (the activated form of pepsinogen) (breaks down proteins) polypeptides–> smaller pepteides, Lipase (breaks down lipids)

23
Q

chyme

A

soupy mixture of food and digestive juices

24
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

chyme exits the stomach, and as it leave, the splinter releases secretin

25
Q

secretin

A

Secretin is a hormone released by the duodenum when the acidic chyme enters the duodenum and the pH falls below 4.5. This stimulates the release of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas. Its higher pH neutralizes the stomach acid and deactivates the pepsin.

Stimulates the release of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas (neutralizing stomach acid, unactivating the pepsin)

26
Q

duodemnum

A

first 25-30 cm of the small intestine, enzymes from the pancreas and liver are secreted into the duodenum, chyme is transported by peristalsis.

27
Q

small intestine

A

site of most digestion and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, 7m in length and 2.5 cm diameter

28
Q

Enzymes from the pancreas

A

secretes lipase(BD of lipids), amylase(BD of polysaccharides), trypsin(BD of peptides), chymotrypsin (BD of peptides) into the duodenum.
Produces alkali buffers to neutralize the low pH

29
Q

Liver

A

produces bile and stores glycogen,
Destroys old red blood cells
Detoxifies blood
Makes some antibodies
Makes some clotting factors
Processes fats
Can regenerate part of itself

30
Q

villi

A

Tiny finger-like projections which increase the surface area of the small intestine, absorbs macronutrients into the bloodstream

31
Q

gallbladder

A

holds the bile

32
Q

bile

A

breaks down lipids into smaller blobs (emulsifies) that are easier to digest.

33
Q

Vestigial

A

Once was functional but not any more

34
Q

large intestine

A

NO digestion occurs here, water and minerals are removed from the remaining mixture and are added to the bloodstream, produces vitamin K, 2 m in length and 6 cm in diameter.

35
Q

rectum

A

a ‘waiting room’ for wastes, peristalsis occurs when the rectum reaches capacity, and the waste leaves through the anal spinster

36
Q

cardiac or lower esophageal sphincter

A

bolus enters the stomach through this sphincter

37
Q

fibre

A

long chain carbohydrate which cannot be broken down.
It acts like a pipe cleaner on the intestines.

38
Q

Appendicitis

A

An inflammation of the appendix is usually caused by feces that infects the appendix.

39
Q

Constipation

A

Too much water is absorbed in the large intestine or due to lack of fiber

40
Q

Diarrhea

A

Decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of large intestine results in a multiple watery bowel movements.

41
Q

At the end of the digestive process: carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

42
Q

At the end of the digestive process: proteins

A

amino acids

43
Q

At the end of the digestive process: lipids

A

fatty acids and glycerol

44
Q

pH of stomach

A

2-3 leaning towards more acidic

45
Q

pH of the small intestine

A

6-7, towards more basic

46
Q

pH of the large intestine

A

6-7, towards more basic

47
Q

Absorption of the Macromolecules in the Small Intestine

A

Monosaccharides and Amino Acids are absorbed into the capillaries(thin tubes wrapped around the lacteals) ACTIVE TRANSPORT

fats(glycerol, fatty acids) are absorbed into the lacteals (thick)DIFFUSION

48
Q

Emulsification

A

the process of breaking down fat into smaller globules in the duodenum using bile

-it’s a PD

49
Q

Gastrin

A

Gastrin is released by the stomach when it senses food entering. It stimulated the secretion of acids such as HCl from peristalsis into the stomach. It ensures that there are balanced pH levels (inside the stomach) during digestion.

Released by the stomach when it senses food entering

Stimulates the release of HCL from parietal into the stomach

50
Q

CCK

A

Cholecytokinin, also known as CCK, is released by the small intestine during digestion. It reaches the gallbladder through the bloodstream and triggers the release of bile salts into the small intestine.

Released by the small intestine

Reaches the gallbladder through the bloodstream, stimulates the release of bile salts into the small intestine.

51
Q

Enterogastrin

A

The hormone, enterogastrone, is released by the small intestine when we ingest an especially fatty meal. It is transported through the bloodstream and deposits at the glands and muscles of the stomach. It causes a slow down peristaltic motion, allowing for more digestion and absorption of fats. It also reduces the amount of stomach acid produced, by blocking the secretion of gastrin.

Biology 20 (6 decks)

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