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Biology 20 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients

A

Any substance that nourishes organism (found in the food you eat )

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2
Q

Molecules of Life

A
  • Make up living things
  • consists of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
  • makes life possible, helps us function and grow every day
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3
Q

Function of digestive system

A

Provide nutrients to the body’s cells

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4
Q

Protein composition

A

A macromolecule that contains carbun, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Made up of monomers of amino acids and polypeptides

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5
Q

Function of protein

A

Growth and repair of cells
Energy source

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6
Q

Lipid Composition

A

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO)
- made up of monomers of triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids

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7
Q

Function of Lipid

A

long term energy storage
good for insulation
make up cell membranes

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8
Q

Carbohydrate Composition

A

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen(CHO)
- made up of monomers of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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9
Q

Function of Carbohydrates

A

main source of energy, short term, fast and easy ATP
structural material of plant cell walls

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10
Q

Nucleic Acid Composition

A

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus (CHONP)
- made up of monomers of nucleotides and form DNA and RNA
- composed pf sugar, phosphate and nitrogen bases

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11
Q

Function of Nucleic Acid

A

hold and transmit instruction and genetic information
genetic material that directs cell activity

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12
Q

Nutrients

A

any substance that nourishes an organism (found in the food you eat)

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13
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

must be supplied from outside the body(body can’t make it itself)

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14
Q

Macronutrients/Macromolecule

A

required in large amounts each day (ex. protein, carbohydrates)

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15
Q

Micronutrients

A

required in small amounts each day (ex. vitamins and minerals )

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16
Q

Necessary Nutrients

A

are needed but can be made by the body

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17
Q

Essential Nutrients from PROTEIN

A

amino acids

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18
Q

Essential Nutrients from LIPIDS

A

fatty acids

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19
Q

Carbon

A
  • structural framework of all living things
  • forms bonds with 4 other elements because of its 4 electron valence shell
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20
Q

Organic Compound

A

Carbon with Hydrogen

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21
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

HCO3, CO3, CO2

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22
Q

polymer

A

a molecule built of many repeating subunits/monomers

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23
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

making polymers by removing H2O

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24
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking apart polymers by adding H2O

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25
monosaccharides
simple single sugars (1:2:1 ratio of CHO)
26
disaccharides
two monosaccharides joined together
27
polysaccharides
more than two monosaccharides joined together
28
isomer
have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but different structural arrangement of atoms(functional groups) and properties (ex glucose, galactose, fructose)
29
monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
30
sucrose
glucose + fructose found in plants
31
maltose
glucose + glucose malt sugar
32
lactose
glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
33
amylose
plant starch,linear
34
amylopectin
Plant starch,branched
35
cellulose
fibre in plants used to build their cell walls most abundant organic compound on earth
36
glycogen
food storage animal polysaccharides found in the muscle and liver cells glycogen storage is depleted in a day
37
Benedicts Solution
sugars/mono/di-saccharides blue to orange
38
Iodine
starch yellow to black
39
Animal fats
solid, saturated, triglyceride (NO DOUBLE BONDS)
40
Plant oils
liquid, unsaturated triglyceride( ONE OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS)
41
Triglycerides
1:3 ratio for glycerol to water stored in fat cells contain a lot of energy
42
Saturated Fats
no double bonds animal fats
43
Unsaturated Fats
double bonds healthy plant oil
44
metabolism
the process by which the body changes food and drink into energy.
45
Polymers of Lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids
46
Phospholipids
make up the cell membranes ( think the phosphate heads and the lipid tails)
47
Steroids
hormones - Made of four rings of carbon.
48
Cholesterol
also make up the cell membrane the raw material for the synthesis of certain hormones—sex hormones
49
HDL
high-density lipoprotein, good cholesterol
50
LDL
low-density lipoprotein, bad cholesterol, from trans fats high risk of heart disease
51
Amino Acids
monomers of proteins, there are around 20 types, humans can make 12
52
essential amino acids
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
53
Uses of Proteins
enzymes, structural support, defense, hormones, transport, muscle movement
54
primary structure
Linear string of amino acids Starts with an amino group and ends with a carboxyl group
55
secondary structure
depending on the R group, will twist into an alpha helix or a b sheet. proteins are made up of a combination of AH and BS
56
tertiary structure
3D shape of protein, protein folds up which determines its function
57
quaternary Structure
Two or more chains of animo acids joining together into one structure
58
Peptide bond
The covalent bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the adjoining amino acid
59
polypeptide
chains of amino acid
60
dipeptide
A pair of amino acids
61
denaturation
heat, radiation, or pH change cause an uncoiling or change in shape that is REVERSIBLE
62
coagulation
damage to the protein shape IRREVERSIBLE
63
Nucleotide
monomers of nucleic acid, nitrogen base, a sugar and phosphate groups
64
Vitamins
coenzymes, organic, help enzymes bind to substrates
65
minerals
cofactors, inorganic, help enzymes bind to substrates
66
coenzymes
organic vitamins
67
Cofactors
inorganic minerals
68
Biuret Test
test for amino acid/proteins (blue--> purple)
69
Sudan IV Dye
test for fats ( one layer --> two layer)
70
Brown paper test
test for lipids (opaque--> translucent)
71
hydrogenation
The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. (turning liquid fat into solid fat)
72
artificial trans fats
our body cannot break them down,
73
exergonic reaction
spontaneous and release energy.
74
anabolic
build up substances
75
catabolic
break down substances
76
ATP Function
Powers cellular work ( mechanical,transport and chemical) Mechanical- muscle contraction, chromosome movement,beating cillia Transport-pumping substances across membranes(low to high) Chemical-making macromolecules(carbohydrates and proteins)
77
What are proteins used for?
• Structural Support– keratin of hair, nails and horn; collagen of ligaments, tendons and skin. • Enzymes (biological catalysts)– alter the speed of reactions under normal conditions. • Defense (against disease) – antibodies (immunoglobulins) that combine with foreign antigens - Hormones (chemical messengers) – regulatory proteins produced and secreted by the endocrine glands. • Transport (membrane proteins) – channel / carrier proteins allow substances to enter and exit the cell (pumps and receptors). • RBC contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen. • Muscle / movement (contractile proteins) - actin
78
Catalysts
Chemicals that regulate the speed of a reaction without being used up in the reaction (ex.Enzymes(
79
Enzyme
is a protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
80
Activation energy
the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
81
Active site
the area where the substrate and enzyme join.
82
Substrate
the molecule on which the enzyme works.
83
What affects enzyme reactions?
Temperature: too hot causes denaturation or coagulation, too cold causes the enzyme to be inactive pH: Changes in pH can disrupt chemical bonds in the enzyme and cause it to denature
84
The relationship between reaction rate and concentration of substrate
The more substrates, the increased reaction rate until all the enzymes are being used at which point the reaction rate levels off
85
Competitive inhibitors
molecules that bind to the active site of an enzyme, preventing substrate molecules from binding to the active site (ex. Malathion, penicilin)
86
Precursor Activation
The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate combining with the regulatory site. This initial meeting creates a better fit for the molecules, speeding up production of final products
87
Feedback Inhibition
The final product in an enzyme pathway turns off the whole pathway. • Regulates amount of product, too much of anything isn’t good. Regulation of Enzym
88
Allosteric Activity
Change in enzyme shape caused by the binding of a molecule
89
What is lock and key?
Enzyme substrate complex

Biology 20 (6 decks)

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