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Biology 20 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrients

A

Any substance that nourishes organism (found in the food you eat )

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2
Q

Molecules of Life

A
  • Make up living things
  • consists of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
  • makes life possible, helps us function and grow every day
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3
Q

Function of digestive system

A

Provide nutrients to the body’s cells

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4
Q

Protein composition

A

A macromolecule that contains carbun, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Made up of monomers of amino acids and polypeptides

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5
Q

Function of protein

A

Growth and repair of cells
Energy source

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6
Q

Lipid Composition

A

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO)
- made up of monomers of triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes and steroids

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7
Q

Function of Lipid

A

long term energy storage
good for insulation
make up cell membranes

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8
Q

Carbohydrate Composition

A

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen(CHO)
- made up of monomers of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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9
Q

Function of Carbohydrates

A

main source of energy, short term, fast and easy ATP
structural material of plant cell walls

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10
Q

Nucleic Acid Composition

A

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus (CHONP)
- made up of monomers of nucleotides and form DNA and RNA
- composed pf sugar, phosphate and nitrogen bases

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11
Q

Function of Nucleic Acid

A

hold and transmit instruction and genetic information
genetic material that directs cell activity

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12
Q

Nutrients

A

any substance that nourishes an organism (found in the food you eat)

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13
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

must be supplied from outside the body(body can’t make it itself)

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14
Q

Macronutrients/Macromolecule

A

required in large amounts each day (ex. protein, carbohydrates)

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15
Q

Micronutrients

A

required in small amounts each day (ex. vitamins and minerals )

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16
Q

Necessary Nutrients

A

are needed but can be made by the body

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17
Q

Essential Nutrients from PROTEIN

A

amino acids

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18
Q

Essential Nutrients from LIPIDS

A

fatty acids

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19
Q

Carbon

A
  • structural framework of all living things
  • forms bonds with 4 other elements because of its 4 electron valence shell
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20
Q

Organic Compound

A

Carbon with Hydrogen

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21
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

HCO3, CO3, CO2

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22
Q

polymer

A

a molecule built of many repeating subunits/monomers

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23
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

making polymers by removing H2O

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24
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking apart polymers by adding H2O

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25
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple single sugars (1:2:1 ratio of CHO)

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26
Q

disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides joined together

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27
Q

polysaccharides

A

more than two monosaccharides joined together

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28
Q

isomer

A

have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but different structural arrangement of atoms(functional groups) and properties (ex glucose, galactose, fructose)

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29
Q

monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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30
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

found in plants

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31
Q

maltose

A

glucose + glucose

malt sugar

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32
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

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33
Q

amylose

A

plant starch,linear

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34
Q

amylopectin

A

Plant starch,branched

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35
Q

cellulose

A

fibre in plants
used to build their cell walls
most abundant organic compound on earth

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36
Q

glycogen

A

food storage animal polysaccharides found in the muscle and liver cells

glycogen storage is depleted in a day

37
Q

Benedicts Solution

A

sugars/mono/di-saccharides

blue to orange

38
Q

Iodine

A

starch
yellow to black

39
Q

Animal fats

A

solid, saturated, triglyceride (NO DOUBLE BONDS)

40
Q

Plant oils

A

liquid, unsaturated triglyceride( ONE OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS)

41
Q

Triglycerides

A

1:3 ratio for glycerol to water

stored in fat cells

contain a lot of energy

42
Q

Saturated Fats

A

no double bonds
animal fats

43
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

double bonds
healthy
plant oil

44
Q

metabolism

A

the process by which the body changes food and drink into energy.

45
Q

Polymers of Lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids

46
Q

Phospholipids

A

make up the cell membranes ( think the phosphate heads and the lipid tails)

47
Q

Steroids

A

hormones - Made of four rings of carbon.

48
Q

Cholesterol

A

also make up the cell membrane
the raw material for the synthesis of certain hormones—sex hormones

49
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein, good cholesterol

50
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipoprotein, bad cholesterol, from trans fats high risk of heart disease

51
Q

Amino Acids

A

monomers of proteins, there are around 20 types, humans can make 12

52
Q

essential amino acids

A

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

53
Q

Uses of Proteins

A

enzymes, structural support, defense, hormones, transport, muscle movement

54
Q

primary structure

A

Linear string of amino acids
Starts with an amino group and ends with a carboxyl group

55
Q

secondary structure

A

depending on the R group, will twist into an alpha helix or a b sheet. proteins are made up of a combination of AH and BS

56
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D shape of protein, protein folds up which determines its function

57
Q

quaternary Structure

A

Two or more chains of animo acids joining together into one structure

58
Q

Peptide bond

A

The covalent bond
that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the
adjoining amino acid

59
Q

polypeptide

A

chains of amino acid

60
Q

dipeptide

A

A pair of amino acids

61
Q

denaturation

A

heat, radiation, or pH change cause an uncoiling or change in shape that is REVERSIBLE

62
Q

coagulation

A

damage to the protein shape IRREVERSIBLE

63
Q

Nucleotide

A

monomers of nucleic acid, nitrogen base, a sugar and phosphate groups

64
Q

Vitamins

A

coenzymes, organic, help enzymes bind to substrates

65
Q

minerals

A

cofactors, inorganic, help enzymes bind to substrates

66
Q

coenzymes

A

organic vitamins

67
Q

Cofactors

A

inorganic minerals

68
Q

Biuret Test

A

test for amino acid/proteins (blue–> purple)

69
Q

Sudan IV Dye

A

test for fats ( one layer –> two layer)

70
Q

Brown paper test

A

test for lipids (opaque–> translucent)

71
Q

hydrogenation

A

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. (turning liquid fat into solid fat)

72
Q

artificial trans fats

A

our body cannot break them down,

73
Q

exergonic reaction

A

spontaneous and release energy.

74
Q

anabolic

A

build up substances

75
Q

catabolic

A

break down substances

76
Q

ATP Function

A

Powers cellular work ( mechanical,transport and chemical)

Mechanical- muscle contraction, chromosome movement,beating cillia

Transport-pumping substances across membranes(low to high)

Chemical-making macromolecules(carbohydrates and proteins)

77
Q

What are proteins used for?

A

• Structural Support– keratin of hair, nails and
horn; collagen of ligaments, tendons and skin.
• Enzymes (biological catalysts)– alter the speed of reactions under normal conditions.
• Defense (against disease) – antibodies
(immunoglobulins) that combine with foreign antigens

  • Hormones (chemical messengers) – regulatory proteins produced and secreted by the endocrine glands.
    • Transport (membrane proteins) – channel / carrier proteins allow substances to enter and exit the cell (pumps and receptors).
    • RBC contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen.
    • Muscle / movement (contractile proteins) - actin
78
Q

Catalysts

A

Chemicals that regulate the speed of a reaction without being used up in the reaction (ex.Enzymes(

79
Q

Enzyme

A

is a protein catalyst
that speeds up chemical
reactions by lowering the
activation energy of the
reaction.

80
Q

Activation energy

A

the
energy required to initiate a
chemical reaction.

81
Q

Active site

A

the
area where the substrate
and enzyme join.

82
Q

Substrate

A

the molecule on which the
enzyme works.

83
Q

What affects enzyme reactions?

A

Temperature: too hot causes denaturation or coagulation, too cold causes the enzyme to be inactive

pH: Changes in pH can disrupt
chemical bonds in the
enzyme and cause it to
denature

84
Q

The relationship between reaction rate and concentration of substrate

A

The more substrates, the increased reaction rate until all the enzymes are being used at which point the reaction rate levels off

85
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

molecules that bind
to the active site of
an enzyme,
preventing
substrate molecules
from binding to the
active site (ex. Malathion, penicilin)

86
Q

Precursor Activation

A

The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by
the initial substrate combining with the regulatory site.

This initial meeting creates a better fit for the molecules,
speeding up production of final products

87
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

The final product in an enzyme pathway turns off the
whole pathway.
• Regulates amount of product, too much of anything
isn’t good.
Regulation of Enzym

88
Q

Allosteric Activity

A

Change in enzyme shape caused by the binding of a molecule

89
Q

What is lock and key?

A

Enzyme substrate complex

Biology 20 (6 decks)

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