respiratory

Question 1

shunt vs dead space

Answer 1

shunt is air passing through lungs without participating in gas exchange

dead space is is volume of gas not participating in gas exchange due to ventilation without perfusion

Question 2

what is oxygen hemoglobin disassociation curve

Answer 2

shows percent saturation of hemoglobin at various partial pressures of oxygen.

Question 3

which way does curve shift in alkalosis?

Answer 3

left

Question 4

which way does the curve go in acidosis

Answer 4

right

Question 5

in acidosis, does hemoglobin have higher or lower affinity for O2?

Answer 5

lower

Question 6

in acidosis, does hemoglobin have higher or lower affinity for O2?

Answer 6

lower

Question 7

In alkalosis, does hemoglobin have higher or lower affinity for O2

Answer 7

higher

Question 8

Bohr effect

Answer 8

in acidosis state, hemoglobin has lower affinity for O2 resulting in dumping. causes curve to shift down and to the right.
in alkalosis, hemoglobin has higher affinity for O2 causing curve to shift up and to the left.

Question 9

malignant hyperthermia

Answer 9

uncontrolled release of intracellular calcium in skeletal muscle
sustained muscle contractions
elevated ATP causes hypermetabolic state, Increased oxygen consumption and CO2 production
causes lactic acidosis, hyperthermia, hypertension, mottled cyanosis, arrhythmia
elevated potassium and magnesium
later AKI, DIC, liver failure, cerebral edema seizures

Question 10

what is a normal tidal volume?

Answer 10

500cc

Question 11

which parts of the brain controls breathing?

Answer 11

brain stem, medulla oblongata and pons

Question 12

what is dead space ventilation?

Answer 12

volume in airways and lungs that does not participate in gas exchange

Question 13

what is mechanical dead space

Answer 13

artificial airways and ventilator circuits

Question 14

how much space does physiological dead space account for?

Answer 14

alveolar and anotomic dead space accounts for approx 30% of total ventilation

Question 15

2 main atmospheric gases of volume of air

Answer 15

nitrogen 78%
oxygen 21% = 760mmHg at sea level

Question 16

What is the ventilation/perfusion ratio

Answer 16

V= ventilation, air reaching alveoli
Q= perfusion, blood that reaches alveoli
together determine blood oxygen concentration
V/Q= alveolar ventilation/cardiac output

Question 17

how does CPAP effect preload and afterload

Answer 17

CPAP increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases systemic venous return to RV, which decreases preload.
Also, decreases afterload by altering pulmonary venous pressure.
,

Question 18

what is most common cause of pleural effusion?

Answer 18

pneumonia

Question 19

which imaging technique is commonly used diagnose pleural effusion?

Answer 19

ultrasound

Question 20

transudative pleural effusion is often associated with:

Answer 20

heart failure

Question 21

exudatvie pleural effusion can be caused by:
a) cirrhosis of the liver
b) vitamin deficiency
c)allergic reactions
d) hypothyroidism

Answer 21

cirrhosis of the liver

Question 22

which of tye following is a potential complication of untreated pleural effusion
a) diabetes
b)htn
c) rheumatoid arthritis
d) PE

Answer 22

PE

Question 23

which of the following is NOT a common mode of transmission of pneumonia
a) airborne droplets
b) direct contact
c) contaminated surfaces
d) coughing and sneezing

Answer 23

b) direct physical contact

Question 24

what is the key difference between cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
a) origin of fluid accumulation
b) response to antibiotics
c) onset duration
d) presence of fever

Answer 24

a) origin of accumulation

Question 25

which of the following assessment findings indicates most improvement in a patient with pulmonary edema?
a) increased urine output
b) cyanosis worsening
c) deceased HR
D) decreased BP

Answer 25

a) increased urine output

Question 26

what class of medications is commonly given to reduce preload and afterload in pulmonary edema?
a) ACE inhibitors
b) diuretics
c beta blockers
d) CCBs

Answer 26

b) diuretics

Question 27

Define ARDS

Answer 27

stiffening of the lung parenchyma secondary to insult to the lungs. Leads to difficulty with lung inflation, ventilation and oxygenation