hemotological Flashcards
What are anemia disorders?
conditions that result in lowered oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
what are the 2 main dysfunctions of anemia?
RBC dysfunction
HBG dysfunction
what are 2 main compensatory changes in patients with anemia?
ventricular hypertrophy
increased erythropoiesis - bone pain
true or false: anemias are a red flag in males as they are much less common
true
2 main blood loss anemias
rapid bloodless
insidious bloodloss
what is a hemolytic anemia
anemia thar is a result of RBC destruction
causes of hemolytic anemia
transfusion reactions
mechanical injury
toxins
inherited disorders (sickle cell)
signs of hemolysis
jaundice - increased RBC products: bilirubin, acute kidney failure due to HBG accumulation
what is sickle cell anemia?
hemolytic anemia that is inherited
What happens to the RBC in sickle cell?
becomes misshapen - HBG S
3 main conditions sickle cell leads to:
anemia
pain
organ failure
What is the basic patho of sickle cell?
HbS sickles when deoxygenated/low oxygen
sickle HbS aggregates with RBC cytoplasm, becoming semi-solid and deforming RBC
true or false: reoxygenating may allow sickle RBC to return to normal?
true
sickle cell becomes trapped in spleen leading to ______________
microphage phagotization
what are the 3 main reasons sickled cells are more prone to occluding vessels?
more adherent to vascular endothelial
can trigger coagulation
release of nitric oxide (vasodilator) from sickled cell is impaired
what are some main triggers for sickling and vessel occlusion?
cold stress
physical exertion
infection/illnesses
hypoxia
dehydration
acidosis
true or false: sickle cell anemia can lead or organ failure
true
What can organ failure (atrophic) in spleen lead to:
immunocompromise
what is the leading cause of death in patients with sickle cell anemia?
acute chest crisis
what is acute chest crisis?
atypical pneumonia resulting from pulmonary infarction
what type of anemia are Thalassemias
hemolytic
true or false: iron-deficient anemia is the most common cause of anemia
true
what are megaloblastic anemias?
anemia resulting from impaired DNA synthesis leading to enlarged RBCs with poor maturation and division
2 main common causes of megaloblastic anemias
B12 deficiency
folic acid deficiency
what is pernicious anemia?
a megaloblastic anemia due to atrophic gastritis
what is aplastic anemia
disorder of pluripotent bone marrow stem cells
what is the result of aplastic anemia
low RBC
LOW WBC
low platelets
true or false”: in aplastic anemia, immunoconpromise can occur due to neutropenia
true
what is thrombocytopenia
deficiency in platelets in blood
what are coagulation disorders due to?
2 main things
defects or deficiencies of clotting factors
may be inherited or due to over-consumption/poor production
3 main inherited clotting disorders
von willdebrand disease
hemophilia A
hemophilia B
what are the 2 main types of lymphomas
non-hodgkin lymphoma
hodgkin lymphoma
main difference between non-hodgkin and hodgkin
non: may involve b or t cells; represents variety of neoplasm
hodgkin: presence of Reed-sternberg cell- a large, atypical multinuclear tumor cell
what blood type is classified as universal donor?
Type O
What blood type is classified as the universal recipient?
AB
define hematocrit
measurement OF RBC percentage in total blood volume
what are the 3 components of totle blood volume when drawn into vial?
plasma, Buffy coat, red blood cells
which organ is responsible for producing clotting factors in the blood?
liver
RBCs are derived from ______ _______ within the _______. ________. RBC production is stimulated by _______, a protein secreted by the _______
stem cells
bone marrow
erythropoietin
kidneys
3 main organs of hematologic system
bone narrow, lover, spleen
true or false: bone marrow is the primary site for cell production in the body
true
what is the spleen role as it relates to cells?
filters and breaksdown RBCs
assists with production of lymphocytes
stores 1/3 of body’s platelets
what part of the body produces leukocytes, erythrocyte and thrombocytes?
bone marrow
