Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
Parts of upper respiratory tract 
A
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
2
Q
Parts of upper respiratory tract
A
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs
3
Q
Purpose of the nose
A
- Passageway for air going to, and from the lungs.
- Trap microorganisms
- Functions to examine for substances that might irritate the delicate lining of the respiratory tract
4
Q
Paranasal Sinuses anatomy and physiology
A
- Air filled cavities
- 4 main pairs- frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid
- Lined with ciliated mucous membranes
- Secreted mucous drains into the nasal cavity
5
Q
Why can Sinusitis happen
A
- Allergic reactions or infections
- Membranes swell
- Drainage is reduced or blocked
- Increased fluid pressure causes sinus headaches
6
Q
Anatomy of the pharynx
A
- Approx. 5 inches long- extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus
- Made of muscle and lined with mucous membranes
- Has 3 anatomical divisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
- Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids when enlarged) are located in the nasopharynx
7
Q
Where is the Nasopharynx
A
behind the nose from the nares to the
soft palate
8
Q
Where is the Oropharynx
A
behind the mouth from the soft palate
to the hyoid bone
9
Q
Laryngopharynx
A
hyoid bone to esophagus
10
Q
What does and what is the larynx
A
- Triangle shaped- cartilages attached together by muscles and tissues
- Lined by mucous membranes
Helps to remove dust particles and warms/humidifies inspired air during inspiration - Serves to protect the airway against the entrance of solids of liquids during swallowing
- Voice box
- Passageway for air from the pharynx to the trachea
11
Q
How many cartilages make up the larynx
A
9
12
Q
Thyroid cartilage
A
(Adam’s Apple)- gives characteristic triangle shape to the anterior wall
Usually larger and less padded in men
13
Q
Epiglottis
A
small leaf shaped cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bone. Can move up and down during swallowing to keep food/drink from the trachea
14
Q
Arytenoid Cartilage
A
borders the circoid cartilage and serve as points of attachement for the vocal cords
- Vocal cords are the narrowest portion of adult airway
- Cricoid ring is narrowest portion of pediatric airway
15
Q
Trachea anatomy of physiology
A
- Approx. 10 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter
- Bifurcates at the carina
- Larynx to the primary bronchi
- Cartilaginous ring support to support airway – open posteriorly to allow the esophagus to expand
- Simple function is to allow air to get from the outside to the lungs
16
Q
Bronchial tree, anatomy, and physiology
A
- Primary bronchi – 1 right, 1 left
Rt- 25 degree
Lt- 45 degree - Secondary bronchi – 3 right, 2 left
- Tertiary bronchi
- Terminal bronchioles – alveolar ducts, alveoli
- Cartilage decreases with size and absent in the bronchioles
- Smooth muscle increases
17
Q
Alveoli location and function
A
enveloped in networks of capillaries, accomplish the lungs main and vital function- gas exchange between air and blood
18
Q
Explain blood supply
A
- Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart to the lungs by the pulmonary arteries and arterioles.
- Gas exchange takes place at the capillaries covering the alveoli
- Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart by the pulmonary veins and venules.
19
Q
Lungs: location and anatomy
A
- 2 coned shaped organs separated by the mediastinum
- From the diaphragm to the clavicles, lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly
- Right lung – 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
- Left lung – 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
20
Q
Function of the lungs
A
Lungs serve 2 functions:
1) Air distribution
2) Gas exchange
Air distribution is done via the bronchial tree
Gas exchange is done via the alveoli and capillaries
21
Q
What is tidal volume
A
- The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each normal breath
- In a healthy adult, normal tidal volume would be 500mls (0.5 L) per inspiration or 7ml/kg of body weight
22
Q
Residual volume
A
- Air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
- Usually1200 mls (1.2 L)
23
Q
Expiratory Reserve volume
A
- Maximum volume that can be moved out of the respiratory tract after normal, regular expiration
- Usually approx. 1000-1200 mls (1.0-1.2 L)
24
Q
Inspiratory Reserve volume
A
- The maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration
- Usually approx. 3000-3300 mls (3.0-3.3 L)
25
Functional residual capacity
- Refers to the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation.
- Sum of ERV+RV
- Increase is seen with severe airway obstruction as in COPD
26
Inspiratory capacity
- The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration.
- It is the sum of the TV+IRV.
27
Vital capacity
- The largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs
- TV+IRV+ERV
- Typically 4500-5000mls (4.5-5.0L)
28
Total lung capacity
- The total volume of air a lung can hold
- TV+IRV+ERV+RV
- Typically approx. 5700-6200 mls (5.7-6.2L)
29
Where does Control of Breathing happen in the brain
Group of neurons in the pons and medulla
30
What does the medulla control
Controls the rhythmic nature of breathing
Inspiratory & Expiratory Centers
31
What does the pons control
Either increase or decrease the depth and length of inspiration
32
What does arterial blood pressure have to do with respiratory
- Arterial BP helps control breathing by acting on carotid and aortic baroreceptors
- Rise in arterial BP creates a slowing of the RR
- Sudden drop increases the rate and depth of respirations
33
What does the inflammation/deflation reflect do
In the inflation/deflation reflex, lung stretch receptors signal the respiratory center during breathing, controlling when to inhale and exhale to prevent lung overinflation
34
What does the hearing Breuer reflex do
The Hering-Breuer Reflex triggers expiration by inhibiting the inspiratory center when stretch receptors in the lungs detect sufficient expansion, ensuring balanced breathing.
35
How does body temperature affect respiratory?
Increase in temperature increases the rate of breathing
- Increase in temperature causes 02 to be released from hemoglobin
- Exercise or fever
Decrease in temperature decreases the rate
- Hypothermia
- Decrease in temperature causes metabolism to slow down-decreased need for 02
36
Explain gas exchange
Gas exchange occurs in the lungs where oxygen from the air we breathe diffuses into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, produced by cells, diffuses from the bloodstream into the lungs to be exhaled. This process enables the body to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, crucial for cellular function and maintaining balance in the body.
37
What is the pneumonic for right shift
C- CO2
A- Acid
D- DPG (factor that controls how easily/difficult O2 is bound)
E- Exercise
T- Temperature
38
On average how much C02 does 100ml of blood give off
4-5 mls C02
39
What are 3 ways C02 can be transported
Carried in the form of bicarbonate
Combined with hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
Dissolved in plasma
40
What percentage of CO2 combines with haemoglobin
25 to 35%
41
Bohr Effect
Increased PCO2 decreases the affinity between HB and O2- called a “right shift” on the O2 HB dissociation curve
42
Haldane Effect
O2 in the blood displaces CO2 from the HB which increases the removal of CO2
43
What does diffusion mean
Process of gas exchange between capillaries and alveoli
44
What does perfusion mean
Circulation of blood through the pulmonary capillary bed
45
What does V mean in V/Q Mismatch
Ventilation
46
What does Q mean in V/Q Mismatch
Perfusion
47
How many o2 molecules can a hemoglobin
4 02 molecules
48
What effects SP02 reading
-Light
-shivering
- CO poisoning
- nail polish
- Vasoconstriction
- pulse volume
49
What is the pressure of O2 and C02 in the air.
02 = 159 mmhg
C02 = 0.2 mmhg
50
What is the pressure of 02 and C022 in the Avolai
02= 100 mmhg
C02= 40 mmhg
51
What things affect oxygen haemoglobin association curve
C- CO2
A- Acid
D- DPG (factor that controls how easily/difficult O2 is bound)
E- Exercise
T- Temperature
