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Emrg 1230 > Cranial nerves > Flashcards

Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory

A

Sensory, smell

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2
Q

Optic

A

Sensory, vision

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3
Q

Oculomotor

A

Motor, eye movements including eyelids

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4
Q

Trochlear

A

Motor, eye movements

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5
Q

Trigeminal

A

Sensory/Motor , general sensory- eye, nose, face or oral cavity, teeth and Speech muscles

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6
Q

Abducens

A

Motor, eye movements

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7
Q

Facial

A

Sensory/Motor, taste, muscles of facial expression, scalp muscles

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8
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A

Sensory, hearing and balance

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9
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

Sensory/Motor, taste, gag reflux

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10
Q

Vagus

A

Sensory/Motor, external ear, parts of taste, heart and lungs smooth muscle, glands of GI system, Diaphragm

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11
Q

Spinal Accessory

A

Motor, voluntary muscles of pharynx, head movements

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12
Q

Hypoglossal

A

Motor, Muscles of the tongue

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13
Q

Name how many vertebrae in each spinal area

A

Cervical- C1-C7
Thoracic- T1-T12
Lumbar- L1-L5
Sacral- S1-S5
Coccyx- 4

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14
Q

How many spinal nerves are there in their functions?

A

31 pairs located in the spinal column
Carry motor and sensory fibers to and from the organs and tissues

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15
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Norepi/Epinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin

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16
Q

Acetylcholine

A

present at neuromuscular junctions and in the Autonomic Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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17
Q

Norepi/Epinephrine-

A

neurotransmitter in the SNS
Causes vasoconstriction and increase in HR
Stimulates alpha and beta receptors

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18
Q

Serotonin

A

mood, sexual desire and function, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, and some social behavior.

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19
Q

Layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater

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20
Q

CSF what does it do

A

Provides a cushion for the brain and spinal cord
Clear, almost colorless liquid
Formed in the ventricles in the brain and flows into the subarachnoid space

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21
Q

How much CSF is made a day

A

500 mls/day

22
Q

Explain the blood brain barrier

A

Protective mechanism provided by relatively impermeable capillaries in the brain
Cells are tightly joined together rather then possessing pores
This barrier limits the passage of potentially damaging materials into the brain and controls the delicate balance of electrolytes, glucose and proteins in the brain

23
Q

What does Brocas area do?

A

Controls the output of words, both verbal and written

24
Q

What does Wernicke’s Area do

A

Comprehend language received both written and spoken

25
Limbic system
Responsible for emotional reactions and feelings
26
Diencephalon
Thalamus: Man nerve bodies that serve as a sorting and relay station for incoming sensory impulses Hypothalamus: Key role in maintaining homeostasis in the body Regulation of body temp, intake of food and fluid and the regulation of sleep cycles Regulation of libido
27
Parts of the brain stem
Pons- contains afferent (incoming) and efferent (outgoing) fibers Medulla Oblongata- vital control center that regulate respiratory and cardiovascular function
28
Cerebellum
Contributes to movement and maintain posture and balance
29
Which artery supply blood to the brain
Supplied by the internal carotid arteries and vertebral/spinal arteries
30
What does the circle of Willis do?
the vessels supplying blood to the brain is blocked or narrowed, the other vessels can preserve cerebral perfusion to prevent ischemia
31
What are the two types of injuries in head trauma? 
Primary: initial damage direct injury Secondary: injuries after primary injury, due hypoxia, decreased perfusion, cerebral edema, infection, hemorrhage.
32
What is ICP and its normal pressure
5-15 mmhg
33
What is CCP and its normal pressure
70-80 mmhg pressure needed to maintain blood flow to the brain
34
What is MAP and it’s normal pressure
Mean Arterial Pressure- average pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle (70-100mmHg)
35
What are the three symptoms of Cushing triad?
High systolic BP Low pulse Low Respiration
36
Obvious symptom of basilar fracture
Bruising around the eyes and behind the ear. Sometimes CSF leakage.
37
What is a coma
Deep state of unconsciousness Patient cannot be aroused by external stimuli
38
What is the two type of strokes?
Ischaemic and haemorrhage
39
What is an ischaemic stroke?
Occlusion of an artery from plaque buildup Embolus causing sudden obstruction
40
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
A bleed in the brain from a burst vessel or trauma
41
What is a TIA?
temporary reduction in blood flow to brain Lasts minutes to hours (rarely lasts more than 1 – 2 hrs) Recovery in 24 hours Patient returns to normal No permanent damage “Mini stroke”
42
Name the steps of the LAMS score
Step 1 facial drop: 0- absent 1- facial drop Step 2 arm drift: 0- absent 1- drifts down 2- falls Step 3 grip: 0-normal 1- weak 2- no grip
43
What is the 90-90-9 rule with head trauma
SPO2 lower than 90 BP less than 90 GCS less than 9 All these double patients chance of death
44
Parts of a neuron and what they do
1 dendrites (collect info) 2 soma or cell body (process the info) 3 nucleus 4 axon hillock (where the signal starts) 5 axon (transmits the signal) 6 Schwann cells/myelin sheath (insulate the neuron to speed up the signal) 7 node of ranvier ( the space between each Schwann cell) 8 axon terminal (the endpoint of a neuron that releases neurotransmitters) 9 synapses (the gap where neurons transmit signals)
45
Central Nervous System (CNS) definition and function
Definition: The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. • Function: Processes and integrates information, controls activities, and coordinates responses.
46
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) definition and function
• Definition: The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. • Function: Connects the CNS to the rest of the body, transmitting sensory input and motor output.
47
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) definition and function
• Definition: A division of the PNS that controls voluntary movements. • Function: Transmits sensory information to the CNS and controls skeletal muscles.
48
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) definition and function
• Definition: A division of the PNS that controls involuntary functions. • Function: Regulates internal organs, glands, and processes like heart rate and digestion.
49
Sympathetic Nervous System function, and definition
Definition: A division of the ANS that activates the “fight or flight” response. Function: Prepares the body for stress by increasing heart rate, breathing, and energy use.
50
Parasympathetic Nervous System function and definition
• Definition: A division of the ANS that promotes the “rest and digest” state. • Function: Conserves energy, lowers heart rate, and facilitates digestion
51
Seizure treat and discharge MD “Every Epileptic Patient Sees Very Carefully Before Every Proper Assessment.”
- the patient is ≥18 AND <65 years old; - patient must have a history of epilepsy; - the patient is taking their anticonvulsant medication as prescribed; - the patient must have only had a single seizure episode in the past 24 hours; - the seizure pattern and duration must be similar to past seizures; - the patient has returned to their normal level of consciousness; - a complete set of vital signs including temperature are within expected normal ranges; AND - the seizure must not be related to hypoglycemia, alcohol or substance abuse or withdrawal; - the patient must not have received midazolam by paramedics; - the patient did not injure themselves during seizure activity; - the patient must not have a fever, preceding illness or recently started a new medication, and; - the patient is not pregnant.
52
What are the Causes for seizures
V- vascular I- infection T- Trauma A- AV malformation M- metabolic I- idiopathic N- Neoplasm

Emrg 1230 (4 decks)

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