Respiratory

Question 1

what’s too little O2 cause

Answer 1

cellular hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism

Question 2

what does retained CO2 cause

Answer 2

respiratory acidosis

Question 3

Ventilation vs. Respiration

Answer 3

ventilation is mechanical and involves the movement of air respiration is physiologic and involves the exchange of gases in the alveoli

Question 4

hypoxia vs. hypoxemia

Answer 4

hypoxia is tissues
hypoxemia is blood

Question 5

what’s apart of the upper airway

Answer 5

nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, upper trachea
goblet cells produce and secrete mucus to trap particles
cilia move mucus/trapped particles up and out of the airway

Question 6

what’s apart of the lower airway

Answer 6

lower trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
sterile environment, smooth muscles for constricting

Question 7

what’s the pleura cavity

Answer 7

normally a thin space between outside wall of the kung and inside of chest wall, there’s slight sub-atmosphtic pressure that maintain lung expansion

Question 8

what’s empyema

Answer 8

collection of purulent fluid in this space

Question 9

what are some pulmonary changes in the elderly

Answer 9

chest wall stiffening, cartilage calcification, decrease recoil and compliance, fewer functions alveoli, decrease rest muscle strength, thicker mucous, slower response to hypoxemia and hypercapnia

Question 10

what’s OSA

Answer 10

obstructive sleep apnea, intermittent absence of airflow through mouth/nose during sleep

Question 11

causes of OSA

Answer 11

muscle tone, patency of airway, obesity, age, large neck circumference, smoking

Question 12

effects of OSA

Answer 12

lead to chronic health problems, HTN, dysrhythmias, HF

Question 13

Influenza (transmission, what it can turn into)

Answer 13

upper resp infection that can progress to pneumonia, transmitted via droplets, true influenza has rapid onset and severe symptoms

Question 14

what’s pneumonia (causes, who do we worry about, clinical manifestations)

Answer 14

multiple causes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, chemical, aspiration that lead to inflammation and impaired gas exchange in lungs)
worry about old and young, immunocompromised, chronic illness
clinical manifestations (cough, fever, chills, dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles, pleuritic CP)

Question 15

pneumonia vaccine who is it for

Answer 15

anyone 65 or older, long term health problem or immunosuppression, smokers or have asthma, live in nursing homes for long-term care facility

Question 16

what’s TB (who’s more susceptible)

Answer 16

caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, immunocompromised or live in close quarters with others who have TB

Question 17

whats multi drug-resistant TB

Answer 17

when a strain develop resistance to two of the first-line anti TB drugs

Question 18

what’s asthma

Answer 18

a hyper responsiveness of the airway resulting in bronchospasm, edema and sputum production
persistent but variable inflammation of the airways

Question 19

asthma treatments

Answer 19

avoid allergic triggers, O2 if necessary, drug therapy, peak flow meter

Question 20

what are the 3 parts of COPD

Answer 20

chronic bronchitis
emphysema
asthma

Question 21

what is chronic bronchitis

Answer 21

inflammation of the bronchioles and increased sputum, mucous causes obstructions and can be a breeding ground for infections

Question 22

what are blue bloaters

Answer 22

sputum, cough, cyanotic, volume overloaded, wheezy

Question 23

what is emphysema

Answer 23

alveolar destruction, loss of lung elasticity and bleb formation

Question 24

what are pink puffers

Answer 24

hyperventilation/tripod position, pink, thin, dim breath sounds

Question 25

what are blebs

Answer 25

air pockets/air filled cavities within the lung tissue