Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

Question

what does potassium do in the body

Answer 1

necessary for resting membrane potential of nerve and muscle cells, cellular growth, maintenance of cardiac rhythms, acid-base balance

Answer 2

carbohydrate metabolism, muscle contraction/relaxation, normal neurological functioning, GI absorption, assists ATP to do its job, required for DNA synthesis

Answer 3

Helps maintain fluid balance, regulates acid-base balance, helps with muscle contractions and helps with nerve impulses

Answer 4

Function of muscle, red blood cells and nervous system, involved in acid-base buffering, cellular uptake of glucose and metabolism of carbs, formation of bone & teeth, calcium regulation

Answer 5

Risks: inadequate water intake, excess water loss or rarely sodium gain. High NA causes high osmolality which causes water to move out of the cells to restore equilibrium leading to cellular dehydration. Clinical manifestations: Dehydration of brain cells, results in changes in mental status, confusion, seizures, thirst. Nursing Management: Correct underlying cause, seizure precautions, neuro assessment, oral or IV replacement with isotonic solutions, correct NA values slowly to avoid cerebral edema, possible NA restricted diet

Answer 6

risks: may result from a loss of sodium containing fluids, water excess in relation to the amount of sodium (dilutional hyponatremia), or a combo of both. Usually associated. with low osmolality from excess water. Body fluid drainage, diarrhea, vomiting clinical manifestations: due to cellular swelling and first appear in the CNS → headache, difficulty concentrating to confusion, vomiting, seizures nursing management: Replace fluid using isotonic solutions, encouraging oral intake, withholding diuretics. Hyponatremia w/water excess we may fluid restrict. With more serious hyponatremia we may use hypertonic solutions. Monitor Na levels, patients response to treatment and neuro status. Increase slowly: increasing Na too quickly can lead to permanent damage to nerve cells in the brain

Answer 7

cardiac monitoring risks: impaired renal excretion, shift of K from intra to extracellular, massive intake of K or a combo. Renal failure is the most common cause. Acidosis, crush injury, and intense exercise case K to move from ICF to ECF. clinical manifestations: changes in cardiac conduction, tall peaked T waves, heart block, fatigue, confusion, muscle cramps, paresthesias. Hyperactivity of GI smooth muscles. nursing management: Eliminate additional K intake such as foods and medications, increase K excretion - Kayexalat, loop diuretics, dialysis force K from ECF to ICF -IV regular insulin w/ dextrose and albuterol stimulate the na-K pump shifting K into the cells -IV bicarb if pt is acidotic stabilize cardiac membranes -IV calcium helps to reverse the toxic effects of the cardiac cell membrane

Answer 8

risks: Increased loss of K, inadequate dietary intake of K, increased shift of K from ECF to ICF. Diarrhea, laxative misuse, vomiting, ileostomy drainage, excessive diuresis, low Mag levels, alkalosis clinical manifestations: Impaired muscle contraction, cardiac changes, flattened T waves, skeletal muscle weakness, shallow resp, decreased GI motility, impairs insulin secretion leading to glucose intolerance and high BGL nursing management: Oral or IV K replacement, Increase in dietary K rich foods, monitor tele, monitor labs, teach s/s of electrolyte imbalance, awareness of mediations that add to decreased K

Answer 9

risks: hyperparathyroidism, some cancers, prolonged immobilization, increased calcium intake clinical manifestations: fatigue, confusion, hallucinations, heart block nursing management: low calcium diet, stop Ca containing meds, weight bearing exercises, adequate hydration, 3-4L/day to help prevent stone formation, isotonic saline, monitor for fluid overload in renal PT, may need dialysis if severe, Biphosphonate and calcitonin

Answer 10

risks: hypoparathyroidism, multiple blood products due to the citrate which binds with Ca clinical manifestations: nerve excitability and sustained muscle traction (TETANY), +chvosteks sign and +Trousseau's sign. Other ones being stridor, dysphagia, paresthesia and numbness/tingling around the mouth of in extremities. nursing management: Monitor for Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, monitor tele, diet high in Ca, Ca and Vit supplements, IV Calcium gluconate, assess head and neck surgical pt, monitor for hyperventilation as this can precipitate hypocalcemia, monitor for other signs of TETANY

Answer 11

they are inversely related Ca 9.0 to 11 Phos 3.0 o 4.5

Answer 12

risks: AKI, CKD, use of phosphate containing laxatives clinical manifestations: TETANY, muscle cramps, hypotension, seizures, dysrhythmias, calcium deposits in joints, arteries, kidneys nursing management: Identify and treat underlying cause, restrict foods high in phos, Oral phosphate binders to limit intestinal phosphate absorption and increase phosphate secretion in the intestin. severe cases may require dialysis

Answer 13

risks: Decreased intestinal absorption, increased urinary excretion, resp alkalosis, malnutrition clinical manifestations: CNS depression, muscle weakness, heart failure, seizures, dysrhythmias nursing management: Increased oral intake and/or phos supplements, IV sodium phos or K phos, monitor labs, monitor tele

Answer 14

risks: renal insufficiency, increased mag intake, treatment for eclampsia clinical manifestations: hypotension, lethargy, urinary retention, nausea, loss of deep tendon reflexes, flushed warm skin nursing management: avoid mag containing drugs and limit dietary intake of Mg, increase fluids to promote flushing out of Mag, IV calcium gluconate, monitor muscle function, monitor deep tendon reflexes

Answer 15

risks: Limited mag intake, increased GI losses, insufficient food intake, acute pancreatitis, diuretics clinical manifestations: resembles hypocalcemia, muscle cramps, dysrhythmias, tremors, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes nursing management: Assess for muscle cramping and tremors, chvostek's sign, trousseau's sign, neuro assessment, cardiac monitoring tele, replacement of mag