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3a Child Health > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common viral cause of pneumonia in young children?

A

RSV

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2
Q

What is a common cause of pneumonia in all ages?

A

TB

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3
Q

What is a cause of pneumonia in newborns?

A

Group B strep

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4
Q

What is the presentation of pneumonia?

A

Fever, SOB, wet and productive cough, nasal flaring, tachypnoea, wheeze, hyperinflation, lethargy, delerium

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5
Q

What is shown on CXR in pneumonia?

A

Consolidation, cavities, fluid and air

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6
Q

When is the pneumococcal vaccine given?

A

12 weeks, 1 year and over 65

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7
Q

What does the pneumococcal vaccine protect against?

A

Sepsis, meningitis and pneumonia

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8
Q

What is croup?

A

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis

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9
Q

What is the usual age range of croup?

A

6 months to 6 years

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of croup?

A

Parainfluenza virus

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11
Q

What is the presentation of croup?

A

Harsh barking cough, stridor, fever, rhinorrhoea

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12
Q

What is the hospital treatment for croup?

A

0.15mg/kg dexamethasone single dose, nebulised adrenaline, oxygen as required, keep the child calm

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13
Q

What is the clinical rating score for croup?

A

Westley Severity Score

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14
Q

What is asthma?

A

Inflammatory, reversible airway disease with varying obstruction whereby airways are hypersensitive and respond to allergens by constricting

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15
Q

What is the presentation of chronic asthma?

A

Episodic symptoms, diurnal variation, dry cough, bilateral widespread polyphonic wheeze, SOB

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16
Q

Name some triggers of asthma

A

House dust mites, cold weather, exercise, pet hair, peanuts, smoke, pollution

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17
Q

What are the spirometry results for asthma?

A

FEV1/ FVC < 80% predicted

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18
Q

What are the reliever and preventer inhalers?

A

Reliever is SABA and preventer is ICS

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19
Q

Name 3 features of life-threatening asthma?

A

Silent chest, poor respiratory effort, exhaustion, cyanosis

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20
Q

Name 3 features of severe asthma?

A

Too breathless to feed or talk, use of accessory muscles and audible wheeze

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21
Q

Name 3 features of mild/ moderate asthma?

A

No or minimal accessory muscle use, feeding well, talking in full sentences

22
Q

What is the PEFR of life-threatening asthma?

A

Under 33%

23
Q

What is the PEFR of severe asthma?

A

33-50%

24
Q

What is bronchioloitis?

A

Inflammation and infection of bronchioles due to RSV droplet spread

25
Q

What is the presentation of bronchiolitis?

A

Coryzal symptoms, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, apnoeas, mild fever, poor feeding

26
Q

Name features of respiratory distress

A

Accessory muscle use, inter and subcostal recessions, nasal flaring, head bobbing, tracheal tug, cyanosis, abnormal airway sounds

27
Q

What is palivizumab?

A

A monoclonal antibody given to high risk babies for bronchiolitis such as premature or CHD

28
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

AR genetic condition with defects in chloride ion channel protein making secretions throughout the body thick and sticky

29
Q

What is the presentation of CF?

A

Chronic cough, thick sputum, steatorrhoea, meconium ileus, abdominal pain, finger clubbing, salty skin, nasal polyps, crackles, rectal prolapse

30
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for CF?

A

Gold is sweat test
Heel prick test measuring trypsin
Faecal elastase
Genetic testing for CFTR gene

31
Q

What are the common colonisers for CF?

A

Staph aureus and pseudomnas aeruginosa (MC)

32
Q

What is the management of CF?

A

CREON to replace lipase
ADEK vitamins
Fluclox as prophylaxis
Salbutamol nebulised
Chest physio
Exercise
Fertility treatment

33
Q

What is acute epiglottitis?

A

Inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis typically due to Hib and causes quieter stridor than croup but is now rare due to Hib vaccination

34
Q

What is the presentation of acute epiglottitis?

A

4 D’s = dyspnoea, dysphagia, drooling, dysphonia (hot potato voice)
Sore throat, fever, stridor, tripod position

35
Q

What does the X-ray of acute epiglotttis show?

A

Thumb sign

36
Q

When is the Hib vaccination given?

A

8, 12, 16 weeks and 1 year

37
Q

Give some causes of wheeze in a child

A

Viral induced wheeze, asthma

38
Q

What class of drugs are the relievers?

A

B2 agonists - salbutamol, ipratropium bromide

39
Q

What are the possible side effects of inhaled steroids

A

Adrenal suppression, slowed growth, oral thrush

40
Q

Give some examples of upper RTI

A

Rhinitis, otiits media, tonsilitis, laryngitis

41
Q

Give some lower RTI

A

Croup, epiglottitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis

42
Q

A child in A+E is diagnosed with Croup. What medication should you give them?

A

Steroids - dexamethasone or prednisolone

43
Q

List 3 diseases caused by Hib

A

Epiglottis, pneumonia and meningitis

44
Q

What is the difference between viral induced wheeze and bronchiolitis?

A

Bronchiolitis is a specific inflammatory condition affecting the bronchioles, primarily seen in infants and young children, and is often associated with severe respiratory symptoms. Viral-induced wheeze, on the other hand, refers to wheezing associated with viral infections but may not involve the same level of inflammation in the bronchioles and can affect a wider age range

45
Q

What is a virally induced wheeze?

A

Acute wheezy illness caused by viral infection (commonly RSV or rhinovirus) causing inflammation and oedema in the airways.

46
Q

What causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis (gram negative)

47
Q

When is whooping cough vaccination given?

A

2, 3, 4 months and booster at 3 years 4 months

48
Q

When is the inspiratory whoop seen in whooping cugh?

A

3-6 weeks later in the paroxysmal phase

49
Q

What is the presentation of whooping cough?

A

Cough worse at night, whoop, low grade fever, sore throat, spasmodic coughing episodes that can lead to vomiting, coryzal symptoms in the first catarrhal phase

50
Q

What is the management of whooping cough?

A

Clarithromycin (macrolide antibiotics)

51
Q

What is RDS?

A

Affects premature babies born before sufficient production of surfactant (before 32 weeks) leading to lung collapse due to high surface tension so it is harder for alveoli and lungs to expand

52
Q

What is the management of RDS?

A

High risk mothers are given dexamethasone, endotracheal surfactant and CPAP

3a Child Health (14 decks)

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