ENT Flashcards
What is otitis media?
Infection in the middle ear where bacteria enter from the eustachian tube and proceeds a viral URTI
What is the most common cause of otitis media?
Strep pneumoniae
What are the viral causes of otitis media?
RSV and rhinovirus
What is the presentation of otitis media?
Ear pain, reduced hearing, fever, coryzal symptoms, balance issues and vertigo, ear discharge
What does otitis media show on examination?
Otoscope to visualise the tympanic membrane which should be pearly grey, translucent and slightly shiny but in otitis media it is bulging, red and inflamed
What is the treatment for otitis media?
Most cases resolve without antibiotics but a delayed prescription of amoxicillin for 5 days can be given
What is glue ear?
Otitis media with effusion - the middle ear fills with fluid causing loss of hearing
What are the risk factors for glue ear?
Bottle fed, parental smoking, atopy, CF, Downs
What does glue ear show on examination?
Otoscopy can show a dull tympanic membrane with air bubbles or a visible fluid level or also look normal. The light reflex will be lost.
What is the treatment for glue ear?
It can resolve itself or require grommets to drain the fluid
What are some congenital causes of hearing loss?
Maternal rubella or CMV infection during pregnancy, genetic deafness, Downs
What are 2 perinatal causes of deafness?
Prematurity and hypoxia during or after birth
What are some postnatal causes of deafness?
Jaundice, meningitis, encephalitis, otitis media, glue ear
What is the range of normal hearing?
0-20 dB
What are the two types of hearing loss?
Sensorineural and conductive
What is periorbital cellulitis?
Infective oedema of the eyelids and periorbital skin with no involvement of hte orbit
What causes periorbital cellulitis?
Staph, strep or Hib
What is the presentation of periorbital cellulitis?
Unilateral eyelid swelling and erythema, eye pain, tenderness, fever, malaise, irritability, ptosis
Give some red flags in periorbital cellulitis
painful or restricted eye movements, diplopia, loss of colour vision, proptosis, severe headache
What is the treatment for periorbital cellulitis?
Mild - co-amoxiclav for 7-days (oral)
Moderate to severe - IV ceftriaxone
What is srabismus?
A squint - misalignment of the eyes so the images on the retina don’t match
What are some causes of a squint?
Idiopathic, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, retinoblastoma, trauma
What are the treatments for a squint?
Occlusive patch, atropine drops
What is otalgia?
Ear ache
List 2 extra-cranial complications of acute otitis media
Mastoiditis
Tympanic membrane perforation
How might a child with hearing loss present?
Parental concern, speech development delayed, behaviour, education
Give 4 ways in which deafness rehabilitation is conducted
Grommets, amplification hearing aids, bone conduction hearing aids, cochlear implant
