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Residency > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Partial pressure of oxygen less than 80 mmHg or arterial blood hemoglobin saturation of less than 95%

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2
Q

Three causes of hypoxemia

A
  1. Low inspired oxygen concentration
  2. Hypoventilation
  3. Venus admixture
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3
Q

Venous admixture

A
  1. Low ventilation perfusion regions (severe, diffuse lung disease- edema, pneumonia, hemorrhage)
  2. Small airway and alveolar collapse or infiltration (atelectasis, no V/Q regions - edema, pneumonia, hemorrhage)
  3. Diffusion defects (moderate to severe diffuse lung disease- oxygen toxicity, smoke inhalation, ARDS)
  4. Anatomic right to left shunts (Right to left PDA and VSD, intrapulmonary AV and atomic shunts)
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4
Q

PaO2

A

Partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in the plasma of arterial blood.

Arterial PaO2 is a measure of the ability of lungs to move oxygen from the atmosphere to the blood.

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5
Q

Normal PaO2 at sea level

A

80-110 mmHg

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6
Q

SaO2

A

Hemoglobin saturation with oxygen

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7
Q

SO2/PO2 relationship

A

Described by the sigmoid shaped oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve

Main takeaway:
Normoxemia and hypoxemia are only a few saturation points away from each other

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8
Q

Hypoventilation

A

An elevated PaCO2 or one of its surrogate markers (ETCO2, PCO2)

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9
Q

PCO2

A

Central Venus PCO2 is usually about 5 mmHg higher than PaCO2

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10
Q

Alveolar oxygen

A

Balance between the amount of oxygen being delivered to the alveoli and the amount of oxygen being removed from the alveoli

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11
Q

PAO2

A

Partial pressure of alveolar oxygen

Can be determined by the alveolar air equation

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12
Q

Venous admixture

A

All the ways in which Venus blood can get from the right side to the left side of circulation without being properly oxygenated

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13
Q

Alveolar air equation

A

PAO2 = Fio2*(Patm - PH2O) - (PaCO2/RQ)

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14
Q

Rule of 120

A

PaCO2 + PaO2 = 120

Can determine the presence of venous admixture

Must be done on room air

Normal PaCO2 = 40, PaO2 = 80

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15
Q

5 causes of hypoxia

A

-low FiO2
-hypoventilation
-shunts
-diffusion impairment
-V/Q mismatch

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16
Q

Infectious causes of canine bronchitis

A

-Bordetella bronchiseptica
-canine parainfluenza virus
-canine adenovirus
-canine herpes virus
-mycoplasma species
-Oslerus osleri

17
Q

Causes of feline lower airway disease

A

-Mycoplasma
-feline asthma
-feline infectious bronchopneumonia

18
Q

Pleural effusions

A

-Transudate (clear, colorless, TP < 2.5 g/dL)
-Modified transudate (slightly turbid, TP 2.5-7.5 g/dL)
-Exudate (turbid, TP > 3 g/dL)

19
Q

Transudates

A

Severe hypoproteinemia

20
Q

Modified exudate

A

-Right sided congestive heart failure
-Neoplasia
-Lung lobe torsion
-diaphragmatic hernia
-Cranial vena cava thrombus

21
Q

Exudate

A

Foreign body, penetrating wound, ruptured pulmonary abscess, ruptured esophagus, chronic lung lobe torsion, FIP, chronic chylothorax

22
Q

Chyle

A

Idiopathic, thoracic duct trauma, neoplasia, CHF, heartworm disease

23
Q

How do you determine the flow rate for high flow oxygen?

A

Respiratory rate * title volume

24
Q

What is the minimum recommended flow rate for nasal oxygen therapy?

A

50 to 150 ml/kg/minute

25
Q

What bacteria can cause aspiration pneumonia?

A

-Pasteurella
-E.coli
-Klebsiella
-Strep. spp
-Staph. spp
-Pseudomonas
-Anaerobes

26
Q

Infectious Pneumonia

A

-Bordetella
-Anaerobes
-Mycoplasma
-Strep. equi zooepidemicus
-E.coli
-Pasteurella
-Pseudomonas, acinectobacter
-Enterococcus, Staph., Corynebacterium

27
Q

Mycoplasma spp.

A

-non-hemotropic
-fastidious, no cell wall
-adhesins

28
Q

Pyothorax

A

-Pasteurella
-Anaerobes
-E.coli
-Klebsiella
-Actinomyces
-Nocardia
-Strep
-Mycoplasma
-Enterococcus

29
Q

Major cause of pyothorax in cats

A

> 75% due to Pasteurella and anaerobes

30
Q

Major cause of pyothorax in dogs

A

Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes

31
Q

Actinomyces

A

-anaerobic
-commensal
-gram positive
-treated with penicillins, clindamycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, Miropenem

32
Q

Nocardia

A

-strict aerobes
-environmental
-gram positive
-TMP/SMZ

33
Q

Anaerobes

A

-clostridium
-bacteriodes
-fusobacterium
-peptostreptococcus
-actinomyces

34
Q

Peak pressure

A

Peak pressure is the pressure achieved during inspiration when the air is being pushed into the lungs and is a measure of airway resistance

35
Q

Development of pulmonary contusions

A

-result from direct or indirect energy within the lung
-The rib cage does not allowed for expansion -> rapid compression and subsequent expansion of the lungs-> transmission of mechanical forces and energy to the pulmonary parenchyma.
-lung is directly injured by increase pressure due to the spalling effect (bursting of alveoli at the gas liquid interface). Occurs when alveoli are stripped from hyler structures as they accelerate at different rates.
-there is also the implosion of fact resulting from rebound/over expansion of gas bubbles after pressure Wave passes.
-parenchyma can be injured by displacement of fractured ribs
-hemorrhage can lead to broncos bossum which can lead to increased mucus production and alveolar collapse
-inflammatory response

Residency (14 decks)

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