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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Prazosin

A

Alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist selectively and competitively inhibits the postsynaptic alpha 1 adrenoceptor -> produces smooth muscle relaxation

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2
Q

Diazepam

A

Benzodiazepine

MOA: Facilitation of GABA-ergic inhibition and therefore increased intracellular Chloride flux.

Route of Admin: IV, IN, CRI, or PR

Side Effects: Vascular/Perivascular irritation, Bradycardia, sedation, ataxia, weakness, nausea

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3
Q

Midazolam

A

Benzodiazepine

MOA: Facilitation of GABA-ergic inhibition and therefore increased intracellular Chloride flux.

Route of Admin: IV, IN (with atomizer), IM, or CRI

Side Effects: Sedation, Nausea, ataxia, weakness, hyperactivity, hepatopathy in cats when given oral.

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4
Q

Levetiracetam

A

Anticonvulsant

MOA: binding to synaptic vesicle protein SV2A -> decreased release of neurotransmitter into the synapse

Side effects: Hypersalivation, Ataxia, vomiting, anorexia, restlessness

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5
Q

Phenobarbital

A

Barbiturate Anticonvulsant

MOA: Facilitating GABA-ergic activity by prolonging the opening of the Cl channel associated with the GABA-A receptor

Route of Admin: IV, PO

Side Effects: Sedation, Ataxia, PU/PD/PP, hepatotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, ALP elevations

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6
Q

Propofol

A

Class: anesthetic agent

MOA: positive modulation of the inhibitory function of GABA

Side effects: Respiratory depression, hypotension

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7
Q

Lactulose

A

-Nonabsorbable disaccharides
-fermented by GI bacteria resulting in production of volatile fatty acids, decreased colonic pH, movement water into the colon by osmosis
-traps ammonium ions in colon -> decreased absorption of ammonia

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8
Q

Propanolol

A

Beta 1 and beta 2 blocker

Propranolol, a non-selective β-blocker, exerts an indirect effect on the vasculature by leaving α-adrenergic receptors unopposed, resulting in peripheral vasoconstriction

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9
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Antiplatelet drug
Irreversibly inhibits platelet ADP receptor P2Y12

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10
Q

Terbutaline

A

Beta-2-adrenergic agonist, tocolytic, can push potassium into cells via stimulation of endogenous insulin release

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11
Q

Terbutaline MOA in hyperkalemia

A

Stimulates sodium potassium ATPase pump which moves potassium intracellularly

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12
Q

What effect does dopamine have on the afferent and efferent arterials respectively?

A

Relaxation, constriction

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13
Q

Desmopressin

A

DDAVP

Induces significant elevations in plasma FVIII:vWf complex, vWf antigen, and FVIII:RC

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14
Q

Mechanisms of action of anti-emetics

A

-5-HT3 antagonist
-neurokinin1 (NK1) antagonist
-Dopamine2 (D2) antagonist

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15
Q

Ondansetron

A

5-HT3 antagonist

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16
Q

Cerenia

A

NK1 antagonist

17
Q

TXA

A

Anti-fibrinolytic agent, works by blocking the lysine binding site on plasmidogen

18
Q

Opioid receptors

A
  • Mu
  • Kappa
  • Delta
  • g protein coupled receptors
  • results in inhibition of neurotransmission signaling
  • located in the brain and spinal cord
19
Q

Mu effects

A

Analgesia > sedation, respiratory and cardiovascular depression, GI hypomotility

20
Q

Kappa receptors

A

Sedation > analgesia, less effects on respiratory CV and GI

21
Q

Opioid mechanism of action

A

Mu receptor:
-inhibits pre-synaptic release of substance p and other excitatory neurotransmitters
-inhibits postsynaptic response to excitatory neurotransmitters
-analgesia at a level of the brain and spinal cord

Opioid coupling with Gi/o proteins:
-decreased intracellular cAMP synthesis -> diminished calcium channel phosphorylation -> closes voltage-gated calcium channels and opens potassium channels to inhibit threshold potential
-hyperpolarization of neurons and blockade of substance p and to reduce neurotransmitter release by decreasing calcium influx

Inhibits neurotransmission at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Opioid tolerance and resistance occurs if the calcium channels remain open despite the presence of an opioid

22
Q

Opiod Drugs

23
Q

Acepromazine

A

Central dopamine D1 and D2 receptor competitive antagonist -> blocks excitatory dopamine receptors in the CNS

Peripheral alpha-1 receptor antagonist -> vasodilation -> hypotension

Causes hematocrite to be reduced due to splenic sequestration -> splenomegaly

24
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Mechanism of action: gaba receptor competitive agonism

GABA is the #1 inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter

Benzodiazepines bind to GABAa causing hyperpolarization of neurons -> increases the threshold to action potential

25
Alpha 1 receptors
-Most common -vascular smooth muscle -vasoconstriction -increase blood pressure -mydriasis -sphincter contraction (urinary bladder and GI tract) -glycogenolysis
26
Alpha 2 receptors
-Brain & spinal cord -vascular endothelium -endocrine organs -decreases insulin, renin, norepinephrine, pancreatic secretion
27
Beta 1 receptors
-myocardium -adipose tissue -increase heart rate and contractility -lipolysis -smooth muscle relaxation -increase renin which increases blood pressure
28
Beta 2 receptors
-airway smooth muscle -vascular smooth muscle -broncodilation -vasodilation -smooth muscle relaxation -increase blood to skeletal muscle -cycloplegia -glycogenolysis -increase insulin and norepinephrine release
29
Alpha 2 agonist MOA
Activation of alpha2 receptors via Gi/o pathway -> needs to you hyperbolarization and inhibition of neurons, decrease release of norepinephrine Reliable sedation and analgesia Bi-phasic cardiovascular effects due to initial vasoconstriction and hypertension followed by vasodilation and hypotension Bradycardia and arrhythmias most commonly second degree AV block Mild respiratory depression Decrease GI motility Renal blood flow considerations Decrease release of insulin leading to transient hyperglycemia Hypothermia
30
NMDA antagonists MOA
- non-competitive NMDA recepter antagonist (inhibits activation by glutamate) -NMDA receptor is a crucial part of the dorsal horn windup neuropathic pain -CNS dual effect causes sensory perception and dissociation -centrally-mediated cardiovascular stimulation, direct myocardial depression, increase sympathetic tone and decrease parasympathetic tone leads to increased cerebral blood flow, increased ICP and IOP Safe on the respiratory system
31
Injectable anesthetics MOA
- gaba agonist -causes sedation and hypnosis -no analgesic effects
32
Propofol
CNS: -does dependent depression, neuroprotective effects CV: -vasodilation without reflex tachycardia, hypotension, splenic engorgement Respiratory: -dose dependent respiratory depression and apnea Muscle: -laryngeal reflexes decreased, myoclonic movements upon induction Other: -Heinz body anemia in cats
33
Alfaxalone
Similar pharmacoinetic CNS, CV and respiratory profile to propofol Can be used IM
34
NSAIDs
-Cox inhibiting -selective Cox 2 inhibition: Carprofen, deracoxib, Meloxicam, robenacoxib, piroxicam -non-selective Cox 1 and Cox 2 inhibition: Phenobutazone, flunixon meglumine, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen -selective Cox 1: Aspirin
35
Acetaminophen
Non-cox inhibiting anti-inflammatory, prostaglandin and TXA inhibition, synergistic with codeine Cannabinoid receptor agonism Contraindicated in cats Toxicity includes methemoglobinemia, hepaticellular necrosis, Heinz bodies, hemolysis, facial swelling and edema
36
LMWH vs UFH
LMWH has reduced anti-IIa activity relative to anti-Xa activity LMWH at standard doses has a minimal effect on aPTT LMWH has a reduced affinity for binding to plasma proteins or cells compared to UFH leading to a longer half life
37
First generation cephalosporins
-optimum activity against gram positive bacteria such as staph and strept -cephalexin -cefazolin
38
MDR specific drugs
-Ondansetron -Maropitant -Butorphanol -Acepromazine -Ivermectin

Residency (15 decks)

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