Microbiology

Question 1

Gram + Aerobic/facultative anaerobes

Answer 1

-Staphyloccus spp.
-Streptococcus spp.
-Enterococcus spp.
-Nocardia spp.
-Mycobacterium spp.

Question 2

Gram - Aerobic/facultative anaerobes

Answer 2

-Enterobacteriaceae
-Pasteurella multocida (canis)
-Bordetella bronchiseptica
-Campylobacter spp.

Question 3

Gram + strict anaerobes

Answer 3

-Clostridium spp.
-Actinomyces spp.
-Peptostretpococcus spp.

Question 4

Gram - anaerobes

Answer 4

-Fusobacterium spp.
-Bacteriodes spp.
-Prevotella spp.
-Capnocytophaga canimorsus

Question 5

Staphylococcus

Answer 5

-normal flora of the skin and mucous membranes in animals
-round and clustered
-dogs: staphylococcus pseudointermedius and staphylococcus schleiferi
-cats: staphylococcus pseudoinomedius
-development of methicillin-resistant strains

Question 6

Streptococcus

Answer 6

-both pathogens and normal flora
-appear as chains
-beta (complete), alpha (partial), gamma (non) hemolytic
Dogs: streptococcus canis - pneumonia, UTIs, wound infections, toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis
-streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus associated with hemorrhagic pneumonia in shelters

Question 7

Enterococcus

Answer 7

-normal inhabitants of GI tract
-dogs and cats: Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium
-resistant to cephalosporins, macrolides, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides
-faecalis are susceptible to penicillin, faecium resistant

Question 8

Actinomyecetales

Answer 8

-Actinomyces, Nocardia, Mycobacterium
-Actinomyces our normal flora of the oral cavity and can cause severe deep bite wound infections
-treated with penicillin
-Nocardia and Mycobacterium are found in the environment and can cause opportunistic soft tissue infections
-TNS

Question 9

Clostridium

Answer 9

-spore forming obligate anaerobes that inhabit the GI tract
- when inoculated by a penetrating wound, can cause severe necrotizing soft tissue infections or gas gangrene
-normal flora in dogs and cats

Question 10

E. Coli

Answer 10

-UTI, aspiration pneumonia, cholangiohepatitis, pyometra
-Enrofloxacin

Question 11

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 11

-cause opportunist infections such as pneumonia and surgical plant infections
-post grooming furunculosis

Question 12

Pasteurella spp

Answer 12

-P. multocida and canis our normal flora of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract
-commonly isolated in bite wounds and lower respiratory samples

Question 13

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Answer 13

-most common bacterial pathogen in the canine infectious respiratory disease complex
-doxycycline or enrofloxacin

Question 14

Campylobacter

Answer 14

-spirochete-like
-normal flora of the GI tract of dogs and cats
-C. jejuni associated with diarrhea, zoonotic
-treat with macrolides

Question 15

Leptospirosis

Answer 15

-AKI, thrombocytopenia
-zoonotic
-PCR of urine or blood is considered gold standard for diagnosis
-two week course of doxycycline is recommended to eliminate urine shedding
-in hospital treatment with IV ampicillin recommended during acute phase
-leptospiral pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome

Question 16

Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 16

-transmitted by Ixodes ticks, can lead to polyarthritis
-kidney injury associated with Lyme nephritis secondary to immune complex deposition
-Doxycycline

Question 17

Mycoplasma spp.

Answer 17

-lacks cell wall, so resistant to beta-lactam antimicrobials
-M. hemofelis can cause severe immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in cats
-respiratory infection in dogs

Question 18

Rickettsiaceae

Answer 18

-Obligate intracellular vector borne bacteria
-Anaplasma, Ehelichia
-causes lethargy, lameness, fever of unknown origin, thrombocytopenia
-R.rickettsii causes Rocky mountain spotted fever
-Neorickettsia helminthoeca should be considered in dogs who have eaten raw salmon. Causes vomiting, fever, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy
-Doxycycline

Question 19

Bartonella

Answer 19

-facultative intercellular gram-negative bacteria
-encephalitis, endocarditis

Question 20

Brucella species

Answer 20

-Brucella canis
-intracellular pathogen causes abortion in pregnant bitches, infertility and orchitis most common in males
-considered in patients with discospondylitis

Question 21

Pasteurella multocida

Answer 21

-bacilli or coccobacilli
-gram neg
-broadly susceptible

Question 22

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Answer 22

-gram neg coccobacilli with fimbriae and flagella
-has fimbrial adhesions that allow it to adhere to respiratory cilia
-has outer capsule that evades host defenses
-resistant to killing
-has a tracheal cytotoxin and dermonecrotic toxin that damages respiratory epithelium

Question 23

What microbes cause septic peritonitis?

Answer 23

-E.coli
-Anaerobes
-Enterococcus
-strep, staph
-Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Acinectobacter
-Actinomyces, Pasteurella
-Gram negative enterobacteriaceae

Question 24

E. coli

Answer 24

-gram neg
-LPS
-highly resistant

Question 25

Resistance mechanisms of bacteria

Answer 25

-Beta-lactamases
-Efflux pumps
-porin mutations
-target site modification or enzymatic inactivation
-aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes
-PBP modification

Question 26

Pseudomonas

Answer 26

-Gram neg

Question 27

Actinetobacter

Answer 27

-gram neg
-opportunistic

Question 28

Cholingitis/hepatitis

Answer 28

-E. Coli
-Enterococcus
-Bacteriodes, clostridium

Question 29

Enterococcus spp.

Answer 29

-gram positive cocci
-wide resistance

Question 30

Bacteria found in wounds

Answer 30

-Staph pseudomonas
-Strep. canis
-Pasteurella, E.coli
-Enterococcus
-Pseudomonas

Question 31

Staphylococcus pseudointermedius (MSSP)

Answer 31

-gram neg
-facultative anaerobes
-superantigens
Inducible clindamycin resistance

Question 32

Necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 32

-Strep canis
-staph pseudointermedius
-preoteus, e.coli, pasteurella, serratia
-anaerobes

Question 33

Strep. canis

Answer 33

-gram positive cocci
-facultative to strict anaerobes
-Superantigens

Question 34

Discospondylitis

Answer 34

-MSSP
-Actinomyces
-other staph species
-E.coli
-Enterococcus
-Klebsiella
-Pasteurella
-Brucella canis