Respiratory

Question 1

Equation for ventilation (flow)

Answer 1

P(alv) - P(atm) / resistance

Question 2

Equation for transpulmonary pressure

Answer 2

P(alv) - P(ip)

Question 3

Shifts Hgb dissociation curve to the RIGHT

Answer 3

Increased CO2
Increased Hydrogen ions
Hyperthermia
Increased 2,3-DPG

Question 4

Shifts Hgb dissociation curve to the LEFT

Answer 4

Decreased CO2 (Hgb wants to pick up O2)
Decreased Hydrogen ions
Hypothermia
Decreased 2,3-DPG
decreased shifts to left

Question 5

What is the first airway that doesn’t contain cartilages?

Answer 5

broncioles

Question 6

goblet cells

Answer 6

secrete mucus to maintain moisture and trap pathogens

Question 7

basal cells

Answer 7

differentiate into other cell types to restore a healthy epithelial cell layer

Question 8

cilia cells

Answer 8

move back and forth carrying mucus up and out of the respiratory tract

Question 9

type II alveolar cell (pneumocyte)

Answer 9

large and round
secrete surfactant

Question 10

pleural space

Answer 10

between the lung and chest wall
visceral pleura: inner layer against lung
parietal pleura: outer layer against chest wall

Question 11

functions of the pleura

Answer 11

-mechanical support of the lung
-allows the lung to move relative to the chest wall
-an area for edema to escape the lung

Question 12

Boyle’s Law

Answer 12

pressure increases when volume decreases
P1V1 = P2V2

Question 13

transmural pressure

Answer 13

transpulmonary and chest wall pressures

Question 14

transpulmonary pressure

Answer 14

net distending pressure applied to the lung by contraction of the inspiratory muscles or by positive-pressure ventilation
-holds lungs open

Question 15

chest wall pressure

Answer 15

interpleural pressure minus atmosphere pressure
-holds chest wall in

Question 16

inspiration

Answer 16

muscle: diaphragm & some accessory muscles
negative pressure
active process

Question 17

expiration

Answer 17

muscle: abdominal muscles
positive pressure
passive process

Question 18

compliance

Answer 18

stiffness of the lung and chest wall
= change in lung volume for a given change in transpulmonary pressure
normal: ~100 mL/cmH20
low compliance = increased stiffness

Question 19

resistance

Answer 19

diameter of the airways
rate at which air flows through bronchial tree depends on size of airways
small change in radius = large change in resistance

Question 20

surface tension of alveoli

Answer 20

water lining of the alveoli creates surface tension
requires a lot of pressure to overcome

Question 21

surfactant

Answer 21

acts as a detergent and breaks the surface tension
prevents complete collapse of alveoli during exhalation

Question 22

LaPlace’s Law

Answer 22

wall tension of a hollow sphere is proportional to both the pressure of its contents and its radius

Question 23

asthma

Answer 23

chronic inflammation of airways that leads to hyperresponsiveness of the smooth muscle increasing airway resistance
-inflamed, narrowed airways

Question 24

COPD

Answer 24

collapsed airways and damaged alveoli
-FEV1/FVC <70%

Question 25

tidal volume

Answer 25

amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath ~500 mL

Question 26

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 26

the extra air we breathe in with max effort after a normal breath ~3L

Question 27

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 27

the extra air we breathe out with max effort after a normal exhalation ~1.2L

Question 28

residual volume

Answer 28

the air remaining in the lungs after forcing all the air out ~1.2L

Question 29

vital capacity

Answer 29

the total volume of air we can breath in and out inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

Question 30

functional residual capacity

Answer 30

the amount of air in the lungs after a normal breath is exhaled expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 31

inspiratory capacity

Answer 31

the largest amount of air we can inhale after normal exhalation tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Question 32

total lung capacity

Answer 32

the max amount of air that can be in the lungs all the volumes added together

Question 33

dead space

Answer 33

volume of inspired air that does not take part in gas exchange

Question 34

anatomical dead space

Answer 34

dead space associated with lung anatomy ~150 mL or 2 mL/kg

Question 35

alveolar dead space

Answer 35

usually associated with lung disease fresh inspired air not used for gas exchange despite reaching alveoli

Question 36

alveolar ventilation

Answer 36

(tidal volume - anatomical dead space) / RR

Question 37

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

Answer 37

in a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is the same as that which it would exert if it alone occupied the container

Question 38

Henry's Law

Answer 38

the amount of gas dissolved will be directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas with which the liquid is in equilibrium

Question 39

intrapulmonary shunt

Answer 39

blood passes through the lungs but fails to take part in gas exchange

Question 40

oxygen transportation

Answer 40

-4 heme attached to 4 polypeptides make a Hgb -each Heme contains 1 iron which binds to O2

Question 41

oxygenation

Answer 41

how effectively oxygen enters the blood and saturates hemoglobin

Question 42

ventilation

Answer 42

how effectively CO2 is eliminated from the blood

Question 43

arteriole response to hypoxia

Answer 43

systemic: dilate pulmonary: constrict

Question 44

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

Answer 44

pulmonary blood flow is controlled in the fetus and by which local lung perfusion is matched to ventilation in the adult

Question 45

type 1 respiratory failure

Answer 45

hypoxic tachypnea, brady/tachycardia, HTN, confusion/delirium, anxiety/restlessness

Question 46

CO2 transport

Answer 46

combines with water in the RBC to form H2CO3 and transformed in the lungs back to CO2

Question 47

type 2 respiratory failure

Answer 47

hypercapnia tachypnea, tachycardia, HTN, HA, altered mental status, papilledema

Question 48

control of respiration

Answer 48

chemoreceptors in the brain: pH of CSF chemoreceptors in the aortic/carotid bodies: CO2 oxygen receptor in the aortic/carotid bodies: O2 peripheral receptors: pH

Question 49

acclimatization to hypoxia

Answer 49

hypoxic hypoxia chronic exposure: higher thana normal hematocrit