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Physiology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Equation for ventilation (flow)

A

P(alv) - P(atm) / resistance

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2
Q

Equation for transpulmonary pressure

A

P(alv) - P(ip)

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3
Q

Shifts Hgb dissociation curve to the RIGHT

A

Increased CO2
Increased Hydrogen ions
Hyperthermia
Increased 2,3-DPG

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4
Q

Shifts Hgb dissociation curve to the LEFT

A

Decreased CO2 (Hgb wants to pick up O2)
Decreased Hydrogen ions
Hypothermia
Decreased 2,3-DPG
decreased shifts to left

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5
Q

What is the first airway that doesn’t contain cartilages?

A

broncioles

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6
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus to maintain moisture and trap pathogens

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7
Q

basal cells

A

differentiate into other cell types to restore a healthy epithelial cell layer

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8
Q

cilia cells

A

move back and forth carrying mucus up and out of the respiratory tract

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9
Q

type II alveolar cell (pneumocyte)

A

large and round
secrete surfactant

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10
Q

pleural space

A

between the lung and chest wall
visceral pleura: inner layer against lung
parietal pleura: outer layer against chest wall

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11
Q

functions of the pleura

A

-mechanical support of the lung
-allows the lung to move relative to the chest wall
-an area for edema to escape the lung

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12
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

pressure increases when volume decreases
P1V1 = P2V2

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13
Q

transmural pressure

A

transpulmonary and chest wall pressures

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14
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

net distending pressure applied to the lung by contraction of the inspiratory muscles or by positive-pressure ventilation
-holds lungs open

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15
Q

chest wall pressure

A

interpleural pressure minus atmosphere pressure
-holds chest wall in

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16
Q

inspiration

A

muscle: diaphragm & some accessory muscles
negative pressure
active process

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17
Q

expiration

A

muscle: abdominal muscles
positive pressure
passive process

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18
Q

compliance

A

stiffness of the lung and chest wall
= change in lung volume for a given change in transpulmonary pressure
normal: ~100 mL/cmH20
low compliance = increased stiffness

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19
Q

resistance

A

diameter of the airways
rate at which air flows through bronchial tree depends on size of airways
small change in radius = large change in resistance

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20
Q

surface tension of alveoli

A

water lining of the alveoli creates surface tension
requires a lot of pressure to overcome

21
Q

surfactant

A

acts as a detergent and breaks the surface tension
prevents complete collapse of alveoli during exhalation

22
Q

LaPlace’s Law

A

wall tension of a hollow sphere is proportional to both the pressure of its contents and its radius

23
Q

asthma

A

chronic inflammation of airways that leads to hyperresponsiveness of the smooth muscle increasing airway resistance
-inflamed, narrowed airways

24
Q

COPD

A

collapsed airways and damaged alveoli
-FEV1/FVC <70%

25
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath
~500 mL

26
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the extra air we breathe in with max effort after a normal breath
~3L

27
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

the extra air we breathe out with max effort after a normal exhalation
~1.2L

28
Q

residual volume

A

the air remaining in the lungs after forcing all the air out
~1.2L

29
Q

vital capacity

A

the total volume of air we can breath in and out
inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

30
Q

functional residual capacity

A

the amount of air in the lungs after a normal breath is exhaled
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

31
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

the largest amount of air we can inhale after normal exhalation
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

32
Q

total lung capacity

A

the max amount of air that can be in the lungs
all the volumes added together

33
Q

dead space

A

volume of inspired air that does not take part in gas exchange

34
Q

anatomical dead space

A

dead space associated with lung anatomy
~150 mL or 2 mL/kg

35
Q

alveolar dead space

A

usually associated with lung disease
fresh inspired air not used for gas exchange despite reaching alveoli

36
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal volume - anatomical dead space) / RR

37
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

A

in a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is the same as that which it would exert if it alone occupied the container

38
Q

Henry’s Law

A

the amount of gas dissolved will be directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas with which the liquid is in equilibrium

39
Q

intrapulmonary shunt

A

blood passes through the lungs but fails to take part in gas exchange

40
Q

oxygen transportation

A

-4 heme attached to 4 polypeptides make a Hgb
-each Heme contains 1 iron which binds to O2

41
Q

oxygenation

A

how effectively oxygen enters the blood and saturates hemoglobin

42
Q

ventilation

A

how effectively CO2 is eliminated from the blood

43
Q

arteriole response to hypoxia

A

systemic: dilate
pulmonary: constrict

44
Q

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A

pulmonary blood flow is controlled in the fetus and by which local lung perfusion is matched to ventilation in the adult

45
Q

type 1 respiratory failure

A

hypoxic
tachypnea, brady/tachycardia, HTN, confusion/delirium, anxiety/restlessness

46
Q

CO2 transport

A

combines with water in the RBC to form H2CO3 and transformed in the lungs back to CO2

47
Q

type 2 respiratory failure

A

hypercapnia
tachypnea, tachycardia, HTN, HA, altered mental status, papilledema

48
Q

control of respiration

A

chemoreceptors in the brain: pH of CSF
chemoreceptors in the aortic/carotid bodies: CO2
oxygen receptor in the aortic/carotid bodies: O2
peripheral receptors: pH

49
Q

acclimatization to hypoxia

A

hypoxic hypoxia
chronic exposure: higher thana normal hematocrit

Physiology (7 decks)

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