Immune

Question 1

Functions of the immune defenses

Answer 1

-protection against infection
-removal of non-microbial foreign substances
-destruction of cancer cells that may arise

Question 2

Innate immune response

Answer 2

non-specific response to pathogens
-carbohydrates and lipids
-same cells react to many invaders

Question 3

Adaptive immune response

Answer 3

highly specific response to pathogens that refines over time
-specific proteins
-slower development
-VERY specific
-Wide variety of pathogens
-relies on B and T cells

Question 4

white blood cells

Answer 4

-cells of the immune system that circulate in the blood and lymphatic system
-fast and mobile
-protect body against invading microorganisms and cells with mutated DNA
-clean up debris

Question 5

Myeloid cells

Answer 5

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
monocytes

Question 6

Lymphoid cells

Answer 6

T&B lymphocytes
natural kill cells
plasma cells

Question 7

B & T cells

Answer 7

derived from stem cells and bone marrow

Question 8

Three stages of adaptive immune response

Answer 8

1. encounter and recognition of an antigen by lymphocytes
2. lymphocyte activation
3. attack launched by activated lymphocytes and their secretions

Question 9

primary lymphoid organs

Answer 9

-initial sites of lymphocyte development
-supply secondary lymphoid organs
bone marrow
thymus with mature but naive lymphocytes
-BONE MARROW & THYMUS

Question 10

Secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 10

-organs in which naive lymphocytes are activated
-participate in adaptive immune responses
-SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES, TONSILS, LININGS OF GI/RESP/GU TRACTS

Question 11

B-cell receptors

Answer 11

identical to unique antibodies secreted by plasma B-cells
-bind to antigens

Question 12

Immunoglobulin (Ig)

Answer 12

2 long chains & 2 short chains

Question 13

classes of immunoglobulin

Answer 13

IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM

Question 14

Class 1 MHC proteins

Answer 14

found on almost all cells of the body except erythrocytes

Question 15

Class II MHC proteins

Answer 15

mainly on the surface of macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells

Question 16

Helper T-Cell

Answer 16

-secrete cytokinesis to activate other cells
-require antigens bound to Class II MHC proteins in order to recognize them

Question 17

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Answer 17

found on B-cells, macrophages, and macrophage-like cells

Question 18

3 things required to activate helper T cells

Answer 18

1. presentation of antigens
2. contribution of a co-stimulus
3. secretion of cytokines (IL-1 & TNF)

Question 19

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 19

Directly destroys the body cells that have become cancerous or infected with viruses

Question 20

Natural killer cells

Answer 20

*non-antigen specific
-no T-cell receptors or Ig receptors
-no MHC proteins
-attack virus-infected or cancer cells without recognizing a specific antigen

Question 21

Memory cells

Answer 21

-come from B cells

Question 22

Plasma cells

Answer 22

secrete antibodies specific for the antigen that initiated the response

Question 23

Antibodies

Answer 23

combine with the antigen on the surface of the bacteria anywhere in the body

Question 24

Phagocytosis

Answer 24

-neutrophils & macrophages
facilitated in the presence of antibody bound to antigen

Question 25

Complement system

Answer 25

enhances phagocytosis and can directly kill the bacteria

Question 26

cellular toxicity

Answer 26

mediated by NK cells
-bind to the antibody’s Fc portion

Question 27

IgG

Answer 27

gamma globulins
-most abundant
-only ones to cross placenta

Question 28

IgM

Answer 28

specific immunity in extracellular fluid
-primary immune response

Question 29

IgE

Answer 29

allergic responses
-also parasitic infections

Question 30

IgA

Answer 30

linings of GI, resp, GU tracts, mammary glands

Question 31

IgD

Answer 31

function not yet known

Question 32

Attack effect of antibodies

Answer 32

-enhanced phagocytosis
-activates complement system
-cellular cytotoxicity
-direct neutralization of bacterial toxins and viruses

Question 33

antibody production

Answer 33

-occurs slowly after first contact (several weeks)
-immediate response after subsequent infection

Question 34

key feature distinguishes innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 34

adaptive is mediated by memory B cells

Question 35

Active immunity

Answer 35

resistance built up as a result of the body’s contact with microorganisms and their toxins
-infection or vaccine

Question 36

Passive immunity

Answer 36

direct transfer of antibodies from one person to another
-IgG through placenta
-IgA through breastmilk
-Gamma globulin injections

Question 37

How are macrophages and NK cells activated?

Answer 37

activated helper T cell secretes IL-2 and interferon-gamma which activated macrophages and NK cells which then secrete cell-killing chemicals

Question 38

greatest contributor to decreased resistance

Answer 38

protein-calorie malnutrition

Question 39

factors related to decreased infection resistance

Answer 39

-protein-calorie malnutrition
-preexisting disease (HIV/AIDS)
-sleep deprivation
-anti-rejection meds
-stress
*modest exercise benefits immune system

Question 40

Graft rejection

Answer 40

immune system recognizes the transplants as foreign and launches an attack against them

Question 41

transfusion reaction

Answer 41

erythrocytes have ABO carbohydrates that act as antigens
-antibodies to opposite antigens circulating in the blood
-Rh reactions happen like classic immunity, not from already present antibodies

Question 42

Interleukin 1

Answer 42

Source: antigen presenting cells
Target: Helper T cells
Function: stimulate IL-2 release, induce fever, systemic response

Question 43

Interleukin 2

Answer 43

Source: most immune cells
Target: both T cells, NK cells, B cells
Function: stimulate proliferation, conversion to plasma cells