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Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

the study of how living organisms function

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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

disease states viewed as physiology “gone wrong”

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3
Q

Cell differentiation

A

the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell

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4
Q

Levels of cellular organization

A
  1. specialized cell types
  2. tissues
  3. organ
  4. organ system
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5
Q

4 general types of tissues

A

Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

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6
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

consists of proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals
provides scaffold for cellular attachments and transmits information in the form of chemical messengers to the cells

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7
Q

T/F: Organs are composed of two or more of the four kinds of tissues.

A

True

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8
Q

What tissues are considered connective tissues?

A

loose
dense
blood
bone
cartilage
adipose

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9
Q

What are the 3 fluid compartments and their relative percentage of the body?

A

intercellular (67%)
extracellular (25%)
plasma (7%)

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10
Q

What are the 4 different types of chemical messengers?

A

hormones: target cells in one or more places
neurotransmitters: acts on cell in close proximity
paracrine: acts on cell in close proximity
autocrine: acts on same cell

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11
Q

T/F: A positive feedback mechanism accelerates a process.

A

True

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12
Q

Homeostasis

A

a state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables

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13
Q

Set point

A

the steady state value of a body system

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14
Q

Feedforward

A

changes in regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before they actually occur
ex. feel cold outside, body produces more heat before body temp changes

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15
Q

Reflex

A

specific, involuntary, unpremeditated, “built-in” response to a particular stimulus

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16
Q

Reflex arc

A

the pathway mediating a reflex

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17
Q

Reflex arc components

A

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Integrating center -> Effector -> Response

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18
Q

Afferent pathway

A

a signal that travels between the receptor and the integrating center, “to carry to”

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19
Q

Efferent pathway

A

the information going from an integrating center to an effector, “to carry away from”

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20
Q

Adaptation

A

a characteristic that favors survival in specific environments
ex. ability to digest lactose in milk, protection from UV light with darker skin

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21
Q

Acclimatization

A

the improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system
ex. sweating during hot workout, 7 days later earlier sweating

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22
Q

How many molecules of ATP are generated from one glucose molecule under aerobic conditions?

A

38
Oxidative phosphorylation: 34
Glycolysis: 2
Krebs cycle: 2

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23
Q

How many molecules of ATP are generated from one glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions?

A

2 molecules from glycolysis

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24
Q

What are the end products of aerobic glycolysis?

A

ATP and pyruvate

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25
Q

What are the end products of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

ATP and lactate

26
Q

What is the major nutrient entering the glycolytic pathway?

A

Carbohydrates

27
Q

What is the major substrate entering the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A

28
Q

What do most cells form from glycogen breakdown and catabolize to produce ATP?

A

Glucose 6-phosphate

29
Q

What do liver and kidney cells form from glycogen to produce energy?

A

Glucose, released into blood

30
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Synthesis of new glucose from amino acids, lactate, and glycerol
Occurs in the liver and kidney

31
Q

ATP formed by catabolism of 1 gm of fat is how many times greater than the amount from 1 gm of carbohydrates?

A

2.5x

32
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of organic molecules

33
Q

Anabolism

A

The synthesis of organic molecules

34
Q

What are the 4 determinants of reaction rates?

A

Reactant concentration
Activation energy
Temperature
Catalyst

35
Q

What are coenzymes derived from?

A

Vitamins

36
Q

What are the 3 stages of cell respiration?

A

Glycolysis in the cytoplasm
Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane

37
Q

T/F: Glycolysis requires oxygen for its pathway.

A

False

38
Q

What are the 8 steps in the Krebs Cycle?

A
  1. Citrate formation
  2. Citrate isomers formation
  3. Iso citrate decarboxylation and oxidation
  4. Succinyl-CoA formation
  5. GTP production
  6. Fumarate formation
  7. Malate formation
  8. Oxaloacetate formation
39
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A collection of membrane embedded proteins and organic molecules mostly organized into complexes I-IV

40
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The process of moving ions to the other side of a biological membrane creating an electrochemical gradient to drive ATP synthesis

41
Q

What two processes make up oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron transport chain and chemipsmosis

42
Q

How does cyanide act as a poison?

A

Inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain making it unable to transport electrons and unable to produce ATP

43
Q

Where do gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis occur?

A

Liver and muscle

44
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

-Solutes move from higher concentration to lower concentration
-Doesn’t need membrane protein help
-no energy required
-Membrane permeability can play a role

45
Q

Simple Facilitated Diffusion

A

-solutes move from higher concentration to lower concentration
-needs membrane protein to help
-no energy required

46
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

-Solutes move against concentration gradient
-requirrs energy

47
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Transport of a solute in the direction of it’s increasing electrochemical potential coupled to the facilitated diffusion of a second solute in the direction of it’s decreasing electrochemical potential

48
Q

Secondary Active Cotransport

A

Transported molecule and the molecule supplying the energy are moving in the same direction across the membrane

49
Q

Secondary Active Counter-transport

A

A transported molecule and the molecule supplying the energy are moving in opposite directions across the membrane

50
Q

How does pH affect the shift of potassium between intra and extra cellular?

A

Acidemia: shifts K out of cell
Alkalemia: shifts K into the cell

51
Q

Endocytosis

A

Invagination of the plasma membrane to encompass and take in transported material

52
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process of moving large molecules out of the cell

53
Q

Paracellular pathway

A

Diffusion of a substance occurs between adjacent cells of the epithelium

54
Q

Transcellular pathway

A

Movement of a substance into an epithelial cell across a membrane, diffusion through the cytosol, and exit across the opposite membrane

55
Q

What will happen to a normal cell placed into a hypotonic solution?

A

Swell
Think hypo = hippo

56
Q

Down regulation

A

Decreased amounts of receptors from increased stimulus

57
Q

Up regulation

A

Increased amounts of receptors from decreased stimulus

58
Q

First messengers

A

-Function outside the cell
-Transmit biological information
-Ligands: hormones, neurotransmitters, Epi, growth factor, serotonin

59
Q

Second messengers

A

-functions inside the cell
-transmits signal from receptor to target
-ligands: cAMP, gAMP, DAG, IP3, Ca+

60
Q

G protein coupled receptors

A

Largest and most diverse group of membrane receptors
Convey information sent by other cells

Physiology (7 decks)

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