Exam 1

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

the study of how living organisms function

Question 2

Pathophysiology

Answer 2

disease states viewed as physiology “gone wrong”

Question 3

Cell differentiation

Answer 3

the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell

Question 4

Levels of cellular organization

Answer 4

1. specialized cell types
2. tissues
3. organ
4. organ system

Question 5

4 general types of tissues

Answer 5

Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

Question 6

Extracellular matrix

Answer 6

consists of proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals
provides scaffold for cellular attachments and transmits information in the form of chemical messengers to the cells

Question 7

T/F: Organs are composed of two or more of the four kinds of tissues.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What tissues are considered connective tissues?

Answer 8

loose
dense
blood
bone
cartilage
adipose

Question 9

What are the 3 fluid compartments and their relative percentage of the body?

Answer 9

intercellular (67%)
extracellular (25%)
plasma (7%)

Question 10

What are the 4 different types of chemical messengers?

Answer 10

hormones: target cells in one or more places
neurotransmitters: acts on cell in close proximity
paracrine: acts on cell in close proximity
autocrine: acts on same cell

Question 11

T/F: A positive feedback mechanism accelerates a process.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Homeostasis

Answer 12

a state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables

Question 13

Set point

Answer 13

the steady state value of a body system

Question 14

Feedforward

Answer 14

changes in regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before they actually occur
ex. feel cold outside, body produces more heat before body temp changes

Question 15

Reflex

Answer 15

specific, involuntary, unpremeditated, “built-in” response to a particular stimulus

Question 16

Reflex arc

Answer 16

the pathway mediating a reflex

Question 17

Reflex arc components

Answer 17

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Integrating center -> Effector -> Response

Question 18

Afferent pathway

Answer 18

a signal that travels between the receptor and the integrating center, “to carry to”

Question 19

Efferent pathway

Answer 19

the information going from an integrating center to an effector, “to carry away from”

Question 20

Adaptation

Answer 20

a characteristic that favors survival in specific environments
ex. ability to digest lactose in milk, protection from UV light with darker skin

Question 21

Acclimatization

Answer 21

the improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system
ex. sweating during hot workout, 7 days later earlier sweating

Question 22

How many molecules of ATP are generated from one glucose molecule under aerobic conditions?

Answer 22

38
Oxidative phosphorylation: 34
Glycolysis: 2
Krebs cycle: 2

Question 23

How many molecules of ATP are generated from one glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions?

Answer 23

2 molecules from glycolysis

Question 24

What are the end products of aerobic glycolysis?

Answer 24

ATP and pyruvate

Question 25

What are the end products of anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 25

ATP and lactate

Question 26

What is the major nutrient entering the glycolytic pathway?

Answer 26

Carbohydrates

Question 27

What is the major substrate entering the Krebs cycle?

Answer 27

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Question 28

What do most cells form from glycogen breakdown and catabolize to produce ATP?

Answer 28

Glucose 6-phosphate

Question 29

What do liver and kidney cells form from glycogen to produce energy?

Answer 29

Glucose, released into blood

Question 30

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 30

Synthesis of new glucose from amino acids, lactate, and glycerol Occurs in the liver and kidney

Question 31

ATP formed by catabolism of 1 gm of fat is how many times greater than the amount from 1 gm of carbohydrates?

Answer 31

2.5x

Question 32

Catabolism

Answer 32

The breakdown of organic molecules

Question 33

Anabolism

Answer 33

The synthesis of organic molecules

Question 34

What are the 4 determinants of reaction rates?

Answer 34

Reactant concentration Activation energy Temperature Catalyst

Question 35

What are coenzymes derived from?

Answer 35

Vitamins

Question 36

What are the 3 stages of cell respiration?

Answer 36

Glycolysis in the cytoplasm Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix Oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 37

T/F: Glycolysis requires oxygen for its pathway.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

What are the 8 steps in the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 38

1. Citrate formation 2. Citrate isomers formation 3. Iso citrate decarboxylation and oxidation 4. Succinyl-CoA formation 5. GTP production 6. Fumarate formation 7. Malate formation 8. Oxaloacetate formation

Question 39

What is the electron transport chain?

Answer 39

A collection of membrane embedded proteins and organic molecules mostly organized into complexes I-IV

Question 40

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 40

The process of moving ions to the other side of a biological membrane creating an electrochemical gradient to drive ATP synthesis

Question 41

What two processes make up oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 41

Electron transport chain and chemipsmosis

Question 42

How does cyanide act as a poison?

Answer 42

Inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain making it unable to transport electrons and unable to produce ATP

Question 43

Where do gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis occur?

Answer 43

Liver and muscle

Question 44

Simple Diffusion

Answer 44

-Solutes move from higher concentration to lower concentration -Doesn't need membrane protein help -no energy required -Membrane permeability can play a role

Question 45

Simple Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 45

-solutes move from higher concentration to lower concentration -needs membrane protein to help -no energy required

Question 46

Primary Active Transport

Answer 46

-Solutes move against concentration gradient -requirrs energy

Question 47

Secondary Active Transport

Answer 47

Transport of a solute in the direction of it's increasing electrochemical potential coupled to the facilitated diffusion of a second solute in the direction of it's decreasing electrochemical potential

Question 48

Secondary Active Cotransport

Answer 48

Transported molecule and the molecule supplying the energy are moving in the same direction across the membrane

Question 49

Secondary Active Counter-transport

Answer 49

A transported molecule and the molecule supplying the energy are moving in opposite directions across the membrane

Question 50

How does pH affect the shift of potassium between intra and extra cellular?

Answer 50

Acidemia: shifts K out of cell Alkalemia: shifts K into the cell

Question 51

Endocytosis

Answer 51

Invagination of the plasma membrane to encompass and take in transported material

Question 52

Exocytosis

Answer 52

Process of moving large molecules out of the cell

Question 53

Paracellular pathway

Answer 53

Diffusion of a substance occurs between adjacent cells of the epithelium

Question 54

Transcellular pathway

Answer 54

Movement of a substance into an epithelial cell across a membrane, diffusion through the cytosol, and exit across the opposite membrane

Question 55

What will happen to a normal cell placed into a hypotonic solution?

Answer 55

Swell Think hypo = hippo

Question 56

Down regulation

Answer 56

Decreased amounts of receptors from increased stimulus

Question 57

Up regulation

Answer 57

Increased amounts of receptors from decreased stimulus

Question 58

First messengers

Answer 58

-Function outside the cell -Transmit biological information -Ligands: hormones, neurotransmitters, Epi, growth factor, serotonin

Question 59

Second messengers

Answer 59

-functions inside the cell -transmits signal from receptor to target -ligands: cAMP, gAMP, DAG, IP3, Ca+

Question 60

G protein coupled receptors

Answer 60

Largest and most diverse group of membrane receptors Convey information sent by other cells