Exam 1 Flashcards
Physiology
the study of how living organisms function
Pathophysiology
disease states viewed as physiology “gone wrong”
Cell differentiation
the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell
Levels of cellular organization
- specialized cell types
- tissues
- organ
- organ system
4 general types of tissues
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective
Extracellular matrix
consists of proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals
provides scaffold for cellular attachments and transmits information in the form of chemical messengers to the cells
T/F: Organs are composed of two or more of the four kinds of tissues.
True
What tissues are considered connective tissues?
loose
dense
blood
bone
cartilage
adipose
What are the 3 fluid compartments and their relative percentage of the body?
intercellular (67%)
extracellular (25%)
plasma (7%)
What are the 4 different types of chemical messengers?
hormones: target cells in one or more places
neurotransmitters: acts on cell in close proximity
paracrine: acts on cell in close proximity
autocrine: acts on same cell
T/F: A positive feedback mechanism accelerates a process.
True
Homeostasis
a state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables
Set point
the steady state value of a body system
Feedforward
changes in regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before they actually occur
ex. feel cold outside, body produces more heat before body temp changes
Reflex
specific, involuntary, unpremeditated, “built-in” response to a particular stimulus
Reflex arc
the pathway mediating a reflex
Reflex arc components
Stimulus -> Receptor -> Integrating center -> Effector -> Response
Afferent pathway
a signal that travels between the receptor and the integrating center, “to carry to”
Efferent pathway
the information going from an integrating center to an effector, “to carry away from”
Adaptation
a characteristic that favors survival in specific environments
ex. ability to digest lactose in milk, protection from UV light with darker skin
Acclimatization
the improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system
ex. sweating during hot workout, 7 days later earlier sweating
How many molecules of ATP are generated from one glucose molecule under aerobic conditions?
38
Oxidative phosphorylation: 34
Glycolysis: 2
Krebs cycle: 2
How many molecules of ATP are generated from one glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions?
2 molecules from glycolysis
What are the end products of aerobic glycolysis?
ATP and pyruvate
What are the end products of anaerobic glycolysis?
ATP and lactate
What is the major nutrient entering the glycolytic pathway?
Carbohydrates
What is the major substrate entering the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
What do most cells form from glycogen breakdown and catabolize to produce ATP?
Glucose 6-phosphate
What do liver and kidney cells form from glycogen to produce energy?
Glucose, released into blood
Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of new glucose from amino acids, lactate, and glycerol
Occurs in the liver and kidney
ATP formed by catabolism of 1 gm of fat is how many times greater than the amount from 1 gm of carbohydrates?
2.5x
Catabolism
The breakdown of organic molecules
Anabolism
The synthesis of organic molecules
What are the 4 determinants of reaction rates?
Reactant concentration
Activation energy
Temperature
Catalyst
What are coenzymes derived from?
Vitamins
What are the 3 stages of cell respiration?
Glycolysis in the cytoplasm
Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane
T/F: Glycolysis requires oxygen for its pathway.
False
What are the 8 steps in the Krebs Cycle?
- Citrate formation
- Citrate isomers formation
- Iso citrate decarboxylation and oxidation
- Succinyl-CoA formation
- GTP production
- Fumarate formation
- Malate formation
- Oxaloacetate formation
What is the electron transport chain?
A collection of membrane embedded proteins and organic molecules mostly organized into complexes I-IV
What is chemiosmosis?
The process of moving ions to the other side of a biological membrane creating an electrochemical gradient to drive ATP synthesis
What two processes make up oxidative phosphorylation?
Electron transport chain and chemipsmosis
How does cyanide act as a poison?
Inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain making it unable to transport electrons and unable to produce ATP
Where do gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis occur?
Liver and muscle
Simple Diffusion
-Solutes move from higher concentration to lower concentration
-Doesn’t need membrane protein help
-no energy required
-Membrane permeability can play a role
Simple Facilitated Diffusion
-solutes move from higher concentration to lower concentration
-needs membrane protein to help
-no energy required
Primary Active Transport
-Solutes move against concentration gradient
-requirrs energy
Secondary Active Transport
Transport of a solute in the direction of it’s increasing electrochemical potential coupled to the facilitated diffusion of a second solute in the direction of it’s decreasing electrochemical potential
Secondary Active Cotransport
Transported molecule and the molecule supplying the energy are moving in the same direction across the membrane
Secondary Active Counter-transport
A transported molecule and the molecule supplying the energy are moving in opposite directions across the membrane
How does pH affect the shift of potassium between intra and extra cellular?
Acidemia: shifts K out of cell
Alkalemia: shifts K into the cell
Endocytosis
Invagination of the plasma membrane to encompass and take in transported material
Exocytosis
Process of moving large molecules out of the cell
Paracellular pathway
Diffusion of a substance occurs between adjacent cells of the epithelium
Transcellular pathway
Movement of a substance into an epithelial cell across a membrane, diffusion through the cytosol, and exit across the opposite membrane
What will happen to a normal cell placed into a hypotonic solution?
Swell
Think hypo = hippo
Down regulation
Decreased amounts of receptors from increased stimulus
Up regulation
Increased amounts of receptors from decreased stimulus
First messengers
-Function outside the cell
-Transmit biological information
-Ligands: hormones, neurotransmitters, Epi, growth factor, serotonin
Second messengers
-functions inside the cell
-transmits signal from receptor to target
-ligands: cAMP, gAMP, DAG, IP3, Ca+
G protein coupled receptors
Largest and most diverse group of membrane receptors
Convey information sent by other cells
