Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Components of respiratory system

A

ventilation and gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

V/Q mismatch

A

ratio of oxygen to blood is not properly matched, leading to ventilation/perfusion misamtch or dead space ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

investigations for respiratory conditions

A

sputum examination, chest radiograph, CT scan, pulmonary function spirometry, bronchoscopy, VQ scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

drugs which improve airway patency [ability to breath]

A

bronchodilators [B2 agonist, anticholinergic]
anti-inflammatory [corticosteroid]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

durgs which impair ventilation

A

beta blockers - make airway narrower, increase effect of smooth muscle constriction
respiratory depressants - benzodiazepine, opoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

drugs used to imrpove gas exchange

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

inhaled drug delivery methods

A

meter dose inhaler (MDI) = puffer
breath activated device

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

methods to improve respiratory drug delivery

A

neubuliser = liquid drug in chamber, increased delivery, good in attack
spacer = using MDI, into chamber, get adequate drug volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Beta-2 agonists short acting + examples

A

relieves symptoms and bronchoconstriction
onset of 2-3mins, lasts 4-6hours
treats and in anticipation
sulbutamol, terbutaline [BLUE INHALER]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Beta-2 agonists long acting + examples

A

relieves symptoms and bronchoconstriction
onset of 1-2hours, lasts 12-15hours
used to prevent, not in anticipation
always used with inhaled steroid
salmeterol [green inhaler]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anticholinergics

A

inhibits nerve transmission, helps in bronchial dilation with beta-agonists and effective in reducing mucus secretion
ipratropium [GREY INHALER]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

corticosteroids

A

reduce inflammation in bronchial walls, mucus secretion
most effective
brown inhalers, orange inhaler, pink inhaler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

asthma

A

common, reversible airwflow obstruction
bronchial hyperactivty, overreaction of the airway, causes bronchial change in the wall which narrows and restricts air in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

asthma cellular response

A

allergen triggering of IgE production, B and T cell interaction, degranulation of mast cells = narrowing airway, oedema and mucus secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

airways narrow due to;

A
  1. bronchial smooth muscle constriction
  2. bronchial mucosal oedema
  3. excessive mucous secretion into airway lumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

symptoms of asthma

A

cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, worse and night/early morning, difficulty breathing out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

diagnosis of asthma

A

PEFR [tracks airway resistance, peak expiratory flow rate]
skin prick tests, biphasic response, spirometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

triggers of asthma

A

unknown, infections, environmental stimuli, cold air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

risk assessment of treatment done by assessment of medication. what is the order

A

SA B2 agonist -> LD inhaled steroid -> LA B2 agonist -> others ->oral steroid/ever hospitalised

20
Q

dental aspects of asthma

A

know px has asthma, know severity, know triggers, know how to assess and treat acute asthma attack
- blue inhaler, subsequent oxygen if needed

21
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
lung conditions which cause breathing difficulties
can be chronic bronchitis and emphysema
causes damage to airways and alveoli, meaning less ability to ventilate and have gas exchange

22
Q

chronic bronchitis/bronchiectasis

A

disease of airways with recurring damage
damage to wall, increased mucus, less diameter for gas exchange
productive cough in winter

23
Q

emphysema

A

destruction of alveoli sacs and dilation of others
less air, more inflammatory changes, increased cardiac size

24
Q

symptoms of COPD

A

cough, mucus, fatigue, shortness of breath, dyspnoea, chest discomfort

25
diagnosis of COPD
spirometry
26
management of COPD
smoking cessation is key, long-acting bronchodilator combined with inhaled steroids, oxygen support, po=ulmonary rehabilitation therapy
27
consequences of COPD
can lead to respiratory failure
28
type 1 respiratory failure
hypoxia, hypoxaemia, thickening of alveolar barrier reduced area for gas exchange, often hyperventilate to compensate
29
type 2 respiratory failure
CO2 retention and hypoxia hypercapnia, ventilation failure, airway anrrowing, restrictive lung effects
30
oxygen use in COPD
used in acute stage until medical help arrives at home - only effective if 24/7, intermittent use not good, increased cardiovascular risk of death
31
airflow obstructions and dentistry
ability to attend treatment - supplemental oxygen use of inhaled steroids - candida risk, use spacer device for MDI puffers, rinse mouth after use to remove powder deposition and local immunusuppression which leads to candida often smokers/ex-smokers - enhanced oral cancer risk
32
cystic fibrosis
genetic disease where the lungs and digestive system can be clogged with thick, sticky mucus inherited defect in cell chloride channels, producing excess mucus
33
aetiology of cystic fibrosis
CFTR gene on chromosome 7 affects the way ion channels open, recessive gene so both parents needed
34
diagnosis of cystic fibrosis
prenatal screening, perinatal screening, sweat test [salt content higher in CF], CFTR gene testing
35
symptoms of cystic fibrosis
troublesome cough, repeated chest infections, prolonged diarrhoea, poor weight gain
36
consequences of cystic fibrosis
liver dysfunctions, prone to osteoporosis, diabetes symptoms [prolonged pancreas disease], reduced fertility
37
treatment of cystic fibrosis
physiotherapy, medications, exercise, transplantation
38
medications for cystic fibrosis
lungs - bronchodilators digestive - pancreatic enzyme replacement, supplemments CFTR modulators - change chloride channel regulation, allows for more normal secretion stem cell treatment - replace old
39
lung tumours causes
mainly smoking but, radon, workplace chemicals, air pollution, genetics, radiation therapy, lung diease
40
type of lung tumours
small cell non small cell - squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma
41
symptoms of lung tumours
cough, harmoptysis, pneumonia, metastasis, dysphagia, SVC obstruction
42
diagnosis of lung tumours
delayed as metastasis occurs before detactable and symptoms occur. outcome and prognosis poor
43
role of dentist with lung tumours
smoking cessation advice, reduced chance of lung tumours in the first place offered to every px, recorded in notes
44
obstructive sleep apnoea
airway obstruction, airwy muscle tone drops, allows tongue to fall back and block airway during sleep
45
symptoms of sleep apnoea
snoring, drowsiness, poor sleep, irritable
46
consequences of sleep apnoea
periods of hypoxia, less alert, impacts daily life, increased risk of road traffic accidents, increased risk of MI as low oxygen
47
treatment of sleep apnoea
CPAP mask, mandibular advancement device, postional therapy