Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

metabolic conditions sharing major characteristic of hyperglycaemia

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2
Q

what to test in diabetes

A

random sugar, fasting sugar
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Hb1AC

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3
Q

DM type 1

A

insulin deficiency
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B cells

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4
Q

DM type 1 aetiology

A

genetic and environmental

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5
Q

what happens in type1DM

A

immune mediated pancreatic B cell destruction
hyperlgycaemia, ketoacidosis

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6
Q

why is having high blood sugar a problem

A

neuropathy, damage to vascular system, hypertension, risk of MI, angina

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7
Q

ketoacidosis

A

serious, life threatening
not enoiugh sinulin to allow blood sugar in cells for energy, breakdown of fat for fuel producing acid called ketones
too many keytones - dangerous levels

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8
Q

child vs adult onset of T1DM

A

child - ketoacidosis, peak incidence 10-14yr
adult - latent autoimmune diabetes, less weight loss/ketoacidosis, mask as non obese type 2

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9
Q

symptoms of T1DM

A

polyuria, polydipsia, hyperglycaemia, ketoaciddosis

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10
Q

T2DM

A

most common, px over 40, obese

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11
Q

aetiology of T2DM

A

defect in insulin synthesis/secretion/action, B cell response to hyperglycaemia is inadequate
inretin inadequate response, increaed GI absorption
INSULIN RESISTANCE

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12
Q

EFFECTS OF T2DM

A

multisystem impairement - impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, hypertension, atheroscleorsis

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13
Q

medication induced diabetes

A

corticosteroids - interferes w liver
immune suppressants
cancer medications
antipsychotic medicines
antivirals

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14
Q

diabetes related to other conditions

A

endocrine - cushings, phaechromocytoma, acromegaly
pregnacy, festational diabetes

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15
Q

T2DM risk factors

A

overweight, family history, ethnic groups [asian, afro carribean, middle east], gestational diabetes in previous pregancy

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16
Q

summary of differences in DM

A

1 - young, thin, diabetic symptoms, ketoacidosis
2 - older, obese, strong familyH, present with complications, rarely ketoacidosis

17
Q

core DM management

A

education - understanding, complication avoidance
targets for blood levels

18
Q

targets for blood sugar levels

A

pre-prandial - 4-6mmol/L
bedtime - 6-8mmol/L

19
Q

insulin regimes

A

basal bolus - more injections, better control
split-mixed - fewer injections, poorer control

20
Q

how is insulin administered, what issues with this?

A

subcutaneous injections
need to rotate site as can lead to fat atrophy if continued use

21
Q

T1DM management

A

exercise - planned
monitoring - plan dose
nutrition - less than 10% cals from fat, glycaemic index of food
maintain sugar level control

22
Q

T1DM aim for blood sugar

23
Q

insulin monitoring options

A

continuous glucose monitoring system - tracks glucose, inserted under skin
closed loop monitoring - insulin pump and glucose monitor, insulin released when needed

24
Q

T2DM management

A

lifestyle - weight loss, diet
medications - metformin
surgery - gastric vertical banding, bariatric

25
medication for T2DM
METFORMIN - first line, enhances cell insulin sensitivity, reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis DDP4 inhibitor - block enzyme metabolising incretin, improve insulin response to glucose incretin = helps insulin last longer GP1 mimetics - same as DDP4, increase incretin sulphonylureas - increase insulin, can cause hypoglycaemia
26
insulin use for T2DM
if px unable to manage glycaemic control with behavuoural changes, weight loss, medication
27
complications of diabetes
hypoglycaemia, cardiovascular risk, increased atherosclerosis, infection risk, neuropathy, atheroma, small vessel disease, diabetic eye disease
28
large vessel atheroma diabetic complications
angina, MI, claudication, anuerysm risls
29
small vessel disease diabetic complication
poor wound healing, easy wound infections, renal disease, eye disease
30
neuropathy complication
numbness of foot, blister, infection, poor healing, necrosis, amputation weakness and wasting of muscles awareness of hypoglycaemia lost, bladder/bowel dysfunction
31
diabetic eye disease
cataracts - opacity in iris, hazy image, lack of sharpness maculopathy - lose cone of retina so lose correct vision proliferative retinopathy - change in blood vessels over retina, haemorrhage in back of eye, treat with lasers
32
dental treatment + diabetes
tx may affect normal routine best time of day for appt, morning, length of appt, manage dosage and food needs
33
dental aspect + diabetes
acute emergencies, complications INFECTION AND POOR WOUND HEALING increased risk of decay, periodontal disease, fungal candidiasis