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BDS 2 Diseases of Human Systems > GI Disease > Flashcards

GI Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing
caused by compression, GORD, parkinsons, lumps

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2
Q

GORD stands for

A

gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder

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3
Q

GORD symptoms

A

epigastric burning, worse lying down, dysphagia, GI bleexing, severe pain mimicking MI

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4
Q

GORD management

A

smoking cessation, stop excess coffee drinking, lose weight, avoid triggers, take antacids/H2

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5
Q

Hiatus hernia

A

part of stomach squeezes up into chest through opening in diaphragm
symptoms similar to GORD

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6
Q

medications to eliminate GI acid

A

antacid [rennies]

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7
Q

medications to reduce GI acid secretion

A

H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors

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8
Q

H2 receptor agonists

A

reduce acid production by preventing histammine activation of acid production
cimetidine

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9
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A

prevents action of acid secretion
omeprazole

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10
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

discontinuationinner lining of GI tract due to gastric acid secretion or pepsin

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11
Q

aetiology of peptic ulcer disease

A

high acid secretion not neutralised, normal acid secretion without defence, drugs [NSAIDs]
helicobacter pylori

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12
Q

H.pylori + peptic ulcer disease

A

bacteria causing PUD. loss of mucus barrier, allowing acid to cause ulceration in gastric wall

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13
Q

signs/symptoms of PUD

A

asymptomatic, epigastric burning pain worse at meals/night
found with complications like bleeding

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14
Q

effects of PUD

A

inflammation of gastric mucosa, gastric ulcers, irritation, lymphoma

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15
Q

investigations for PUD

A

endoscopy, radiology barium meal, anaemia test, h.pylori test

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16
Q

complications of PUD

A

perforation in peritoneum, haemorrhage, stricture, malignancy
anaemia

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17
Q

treatment of PUD

A

lifestyle changes, stom smoking, small regular meals, surgical repair, vagotomy
medication to reduce acid secretion [H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors]
eliminate h.pylori

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18
Q

triple therapy

A

elimination of H.pylori
two week course of 2 antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor [amoxycillin/mentronidazole + omeprazole]

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19
Q

surgery for PUD

A

bilroth - exision of stomach with ulcer, anastomosis of duodenum
vagotomy - dividing small branches in vagal trunk to stomach wall, acid secretion reduced

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20
Q

coeliac disease

A

immune system attacks your own tissue when eaten gluten
sensitivity to a-gliaden component of gluten

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21
Q

aetiolgoy of coeliac

A

a-gluten passed throug bowel and developing immune response, producing antibodies involving T cell and destruction of tissue
genetic susceptibility, environmental trigger
inflammatory changes causes reduction in surface area for absorption

22
Q

symptoms of coeliac

A

weight loss, lack of energy, weakness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dysphagia
malabsoprtion issues - iron, folate, vitb12, fat

23
Q

investigations for coeliac

A

antibody test, jejunal biopsy, faecal fat [increased if malabsoprtion], haematinics [b12, folate, ferrin]

24
Q

management of coeliac

A

gluten free diet = reversal of jejunal atrophy, improved well being, reduced risk of lymphoma

25
Q

coeliac skin disease

A

dermatitis herpetiformis
oral disease - ulceration/blisters

26
Q

pernicious anaemia

A

decrease in red blood cells when intestines cannot absorb VitB12 properly

27
Q

aetiology of pernicious anaemia

A

lack of vitb12 in diet, disease of gastric parietal cells, IBS, bowel cancer

28
Q

diagnosis of pernicious anaemia

A

blood tests, histological confirmation, Schilling test [instrinsic factor/parietal cell antibodies]

29
Q

treatment of pernicious anaemia

A

px responsibility in diet, arrange IM injections of VitB12

30
Q

effects of pernicious anaemia

A

problems with nerve function and bone marrow production of RBC
taken seriously or nerve damage will occur

31
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

chronic inflammation of GI tract
Crohn’s + ulcerative colitis

32
Q

aetiology of IBS

A

cause unclear, food intolerance, persistent viral infections, smoking, genetics

33
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

continuous disease, superficial layers of gut wall, restricted to colon, rectum always involved

34
Q

Crohn’s

A

discontinuous disease, full thickness of bowel, anywhere in GI tract, rectum involved 50%, oedema of bowel wall

35
Q

UC symptoms

A

diarrhoea, abominal pain, PR bleeding

36
Q

crohn’s symptoms

A

colonic disease, small bowel disease, orofacial granulomatosis

37
Q

differences in UC and Crohn’s

A

UC -> continuous, colon only, rectum always
Crohn’s ->discontinuous, anywhere in GI, 50% rectum

38
Q

IBS investigations

A

blood tests, faecal calprotectin, endoscopy, leukocyte scan, barium study

39
Q

IBS complications

A

carcinoma, risk increases with time
[more likely in UC]

40
Q

IBS treatment

A

medical - steroids, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressants
anti TNFs therapy

41
Q

IBS surgery

A

colectomy - cures UC, palliates Crohns symptoms [remove obstructed bowel segments, drain abscesses, clost fitula]
results in stoma

42
Q

orofacial granulomatosis

A

histologically identical to crohn’s
cobblestone appearance, inflammation
lip and oral swelling

43
Q

bowel cancer

A

colonic adenocarcinoma
second msot common in western world
bowel cancer screening from age 50

44
Q

bowel cancer symptoms

A

usually none until tumour blocks bowel and px presents with blockage, reason for poor outcome
anaemia, rectal blood loss, unexplained weight loss, extreme tiredness

45
Q

bowel cancer aetiology

A

polyps, arise from lumen, small growth on inner lining of large intestine/rectum
most carcinomas come fromhere
will bleed due to irritation/trauma, takes 5 years to progress to malignancy, if removed before cancerous it will not develop into cancer

46
Q

bowel cancer risk factors

A

diet [high fibre/red meat/fat low veg], smoking, genetics, lack of exercise

47
Q

syndromes associated with polypsis

A

small intestine = Peutz-Jehgers syndrome
large intestine = Gardiner’s + Cowden’ syndrome

48
Q

what classification is used for colonic cancer staging

A

Dukes Classification
based on level of invasion on bowel wall

49
Q

bowel cancer treatment

A

surgery, hepatic metastases, raiotherpay, chemotherapy, surgery [stoma]

50
Q

bowel cancer screening

A

all adults over 50, faecal immunochemical test
2 year repeat, endoscopy if positive results

BDS 2 Diseases of Human Systems (9 decks)

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