Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

BRD - bovine respiratory disease

A

Respiratory disease in cattle - multifactorial - pathogens, environment, management
varied pathogen involvement

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2
Q

Shipping fever

A

Groups post weaning (6m - 2 years)
M.haemolytica - mostly, can be others
Following transport, mixing groups, sudden diet cahnge

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3
Q

IBR - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
What is it
Mild, subacute, acute disease

A

Alpha herpes virus - BHV-1
Gamma herpes virus - BHV-4 and OHV-2
Highly infectious and contagious
Endemic

Aerosol (3mile)
Direct contact or shared airspace
10-20 day incubation
Latent infection - for life
Recrudscence and shedding after stress - calving, movement, illness, corticosteroid use

Mild disease - conjunctivitis, epiphora, mild or immunity
Subacute disease - milk drop, pyrexia 40C, nasal discharge and hyperpnoea
Acute disease - growing cattle marked pyrexia, secondary infection, purulent nasal discharge and conjunctivitis

> 6m age usually
Worse in growing ages

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4
Q

Clinical signs of IBR

Diagnosis

A

High morbidity (100%)
Very high fever and death in 24 hours
Secondary bronchopneumonia
Abortion - up to 100 days after respiratory signs
Genital lesions - IPV - infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Conjunctivitis, epiphora, milk drop, pyrexia, nasal discharge, hyperpnoea

Diagnosis
History and clinical signs
- New animals, clinical signs in multiple animals
Nasal and conjunctival swabs
PCR
Rising titres on ELISA
Bulk milk antibody test - exposure of herd

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5
Q

Controlling and eradicating IBR

A

Vaccinate to control clinical signs - intranasal to give IgM mucosal immunity for 60 days

Different vaccination schedules - depend on biosecurity

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6
Q

Accreditation schemes for IBR

Accredited free
Vaccinated monitored free
Eradication programme

Live vs inactivated

Other control measures

A

Accredited free - 2 qualifying tests and regular monitoring - milk/blood. Requires double fencing

Vaccinated monitored free
- 2 qualifying tests and regular monitoring - milk/blood
- Vaccinated with marker vaccine
- No requirement for double fencing

Eradication programme
- If no. +ve animals low - removed from herd
- If not possible - herd vaccinated with marker vaccine and enter VMF (vaccinated monitored free)

Live - rapid protection, esp intranasally
Inactivated - may reduce shedding in latently infected animals - high bulk milk Ab

Control
- Nose to nose contact
- Biosecurity - double fence
Do not buy in stock or test and quarantine

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7
Q

Malignant catarrhal fever

Aitiology
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment/control

A

OvHV-2 - sheep carry without showing clinical disease
Stress increases viral shedding - shearing/lambing
Sporadic disease not outbreaks
Aerosol, direct contact, contaminated feed/water/bedding - no cattle to cattle

Clinical signs
Pyrexia,
enlarged lymph nodes,
mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge,
corneal opacity,
sloughing of oral and nasal mucosa

Treatment - MCF is almost always fatal - no licenced treatment or vaccine

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8
Q

Bovine TB
Routes of infection
Clinical signs

A

Ingestion - outside, or inhalation - housed
- Excreted in urine, sputum, faeces, milk (calves), exhaled air, vaginal and uterine discharge

Cattle to cattle spread, badgers, wildlife, contaminated slurry

Clinical signs
- testing eliminates most possibility of seeing clinical disease
Soft productive cough - worse if exercised or pharynx palapted
Weight loss, LN enlargement
- Mastitis with udder induration

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9
Q

TB testing protocol

SICCT
Blood testing - gamma, Ab
Post mortem

A

SICCT - avian and bovine tuberculin
- Measure skin thickness before and 72 hours post tuberculin
Specificity - 99.98%
Sensitivity - 50-80%
- False negatives

Blood
- IFN gamma - Sp 96.5, Sn - 90% - less false negatives, more false positives
- Ab test - Sp 98%, Sn 65% - Less false negatives than SICCT

Post mortem - all cattle inspected - reactors or restricted herds more detailed inspection

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10
Q

Preventing bTB

A

Pre/post-movement testing, use map, isolate animals
Wildlife proofing, secure feed, dig fencing down, raise troughs
Store slurry for long time, or 2m prior to grazing, avoid sharing equipment

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11
Q

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia - CBPP

Aitiology
Clinical signs
Control

A

Mycoplasma mycoides
Eradicated from UK
Aerosol transmission. Poor patency in environment. Carriers once recovered
Pyrexia, incr respiratory rate and effort
Polyarthritis in affected calves

Notifiable in england. Vaccinate in other countries

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12
Q

Mycoplasma bovis

A

BRD, arthritis and mastitis
Present in respiratory tract of healthy animals
Chronic pneumonia, head tilt, ear droop, head shake
Diagnosis on serology/PM - joint tap, milk
Transmission - direct contact or fomite
Doesnt survive well in environment
Colostrum and intrauterine transmission
No vaccine
Emerging resistance to tetracyclines and macrolides
No cell wall so no penicillins

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13
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella multicide
Respiratory

A

Gram negative, aerobic bacteria
Commensal of URT
Sporadic disease or outbreaks

M. haemolytica - Primary cause or secondary invader, disease tends to be more severe

P. multicide - secondary invader, disease less severe

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14
Q

Fog fever

A

Disease of sparse to lush high protein pasture
L-tryptophan converted to 3-methylindole - pneumotoxic
High mortality - sudden death
Severe respiratory distress without coughing or pyrexia - main differentials - lungworm and RSV (Bovine respiratory syncytial virus)

Prevention
- Introduce to lush pasture slowing or graze before lush
- Graze youngstock rather than adults - less common in young

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15
Q

Dictocaulus viviparus

Spread
PPP
Clinical signs
Test
Immunity

A

Spreads with Pilobulus fungus - translocates L3 out of pat and to herbage surrounding
Fomites - move larvae over large areas

Pre patent period 8-25 days
Decreased survival in hot, dry weather and short sward height

Larvae activated by bile, through SI wall, lymphatics, thoracic duct, lungs - 7 days
Lungs - growth to adult - 3-4 weeks
Migration - inflammation - eosinophils and mucus

Mild - cough intermittently, when run
Moderate - frequent bouts of coughing at rest, tachypnoea, hyperpnoea. Crackles at posterior lung lobes on auscultation
Severe - tachypnoea, dyspnoea, air-hunger position, tongue out when coughing. Sudden death

Host response -
Within 2 weeks of infection - immune response to destroy larave - short lasting immunity - type 2 innate immune - 6 month
Second immune response when reach lungs - 2 years or more

Test - baermann

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16
Q

Maedi visna - sheep

Spread
Presentation
Prognosis
Prevention

A

Retrovirus - Lentivirus

Spread - aerosol, close contact, colostrum, fomite, placenta, semen

Presentation
- Reduced fertility, productivity
- Illthrift, increased pneumonia and mastitis incidence, low milk production, swollen joints, lameness

Blood testing is only reliable diagnosis

Fatal, no vaccine

Source from accredited flocks, monitor flock, test new stock, reduce stocking density, increased biosecurity

17
Q

OPA - ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

A

beta retrovirus
Neoplastic proliferation of pneumocytes - adenocarcinoma
foaming fluid - secondary infections

Aerosol transmission, colostrum, milk
Young stock higher risk.
Long incubation

Clinical signs
- Weight loss, laboured breathing, increased respiratory, cough, nasal discharge, sudden death

No blood test as no immune resposne - prevent through PM
Trusted sources, reduced stocking density, biosecurity, US lungs

18
Q

CLA - caseous lymphadenopathy
Spread
Clinicial signs
Prevention

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - skin abrasions, inhalation, ingestion - into draining lymph node

Infected stock or fomites - pus contact
8 months in environment and 24 hours in sheep dip
Incubation 42 days - 4 months

Clinical signs
- Lumps on face and neck
- Internal abscesses - loss of condition
Mammary involvement - mastitis
Inguinal lymph

Bacteriology from ruptured abscess
Blood ELISA - low sensitivity - false negatives

Buy from trusted sources, biosecurity, seperate infected animals
No vaccine. Test and cull

19
Q

Laryngeal chondritis

A

Acute obstructive upper respiratory condition
Rams more than ewes
Arytenoid cartilage lesions narrowing lumen of larynx - dyspnoea and stridor

Treat
Dexamethasone and 1 week amoxiclav
Emergency tracheostomy

20
Q

Pericarditis in cattle

A

TRP - traumatic reticulopericarditis
Sepsis in calves
Severe BRD in adult cattle
Pulpy kidney - C.perfringens D
Idiopathic haemorrhagic pericardial effusion

21
Q

TRP - traumatic reticulopericarditis

A

Penetration of reticular wall into pericardial sac through diaphragm
Cardiac tamponade
- Reduced cardiac output - forward failure
progresses to CHF - backwards failure - oedema (CS relate to this failure)

History
- Non specific, milk drop, inappetence

Pain - abducted elbows, withers positive, arched back, firm palpation, rubbing/friction sound on auscultation
Tachycardia, pyrexia +/- BRD signs

Later signs - muffled heart sounds (fibrin production), difficulty palpating apex beat, +/- pyrexia, congestive heart failure signs - jugular distention, ventral oedema, tachycardia, dyspnoea, injected scleral vessels

Leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglobulinaemia (inflammation), neutrophilia, elevated liver enzymes (hepatic congestion)

US - ICS3-ICS5 both sides - purulent fluid in pericardial sac +/- fibrin, hepatic congestion

Early - magnet and broad spectrum ABs (amoxicillin, oxytetracycline)
Late stage - PTS, pericardiostomy

22
Q

Bacterial endocarditis

A

From chronic bacterial infection elsewhere - mastitis, metritis, pneumonia, lameness
Truperella pyogenes, also staphs, streps and G-ves
Adhesion to endothelium
Predilection sites - R AV (tricuspid), L AV (mitral)

ICS 3 - Pulmonary valve, RICS3 - Tricuspid AV
ICS 4 - Aortic
ICS 5 - AV mitral

Clinical signs
- Murmur +/- palpable thrill
- Persistent tachycardia
- Illthrift, milk drop - episodic

Leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglobulinaemia, neutrophilia, non-regenerative anaemia, elevated liver enzymes

US - echo

Treatment
- Min 3 weeks antibiotics - amoxicillin
- Furusemide if CHF present
- Analgesia

Guarded prognosis

23
Q

Cardiac disease in calves

A

Present - murmur, poor growth, increased respiratory rate/effort, cough

VSD
Ectopia cordis - heart beating in neck

Hyperkalaemia - bradyarrhythmias, severe acute diarrhoea, urinary obstructions

White muscle disease - Vitamin E/selenium deficiency - Myocardial damage - focal, multifocal, diffuse. Cardiac signs variable

24
Q

Blood loss anaemia cows

A

F.hepatica - pallor, weakness, illthrift, vental oedema - anthelmintic treatment, good prognosis if no hepatic changes - whole herd - sheep more than cows

Abomasal ulceration -dull, abdominal pain, milk drop, inappetence, melena, pallor, weak - guarded prognosis

Caudal vena cava syndrome - epistaxis, sudden death, increasd respiratory rate and effort - euthanasia

Trauma - ligate