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Farm animal > Gastrointestinal disease > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal disease Flashcards

1
Q

Calf scour prevention

A

Ensure colostrum - clean management
Getting 4 litres within 2 hours, 4 litres within 12 hours
Good colostrum is above 22% on brix

Calving down into clean area

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2
Q

Treating calf scour

A

NSAIDs to reduce temperatures and increase appetite
Keep feeding milk
Give electrolyte feed as well
Needs antibiotics if down and sick - will die of sepsis - don’t use if bright and alert until known cause

Clinical exam
Rainbow scour test
Serum total proteins
Colostrum quality - FPT
Possible on farm PM

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3
Q

Causes of calf scour

A

Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium
Coccidiosis
E.coli
Salmonella

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4
Q

Causes of diarrhoea in cattle

A

Infectious
- Salmonella
- Eimeria
- Rota virus
- Coronavirus
- Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
- Cryptosporidium parvum
- E.coli
- BVD
- Rinderpest
- Clostridium species
- Nematodes
- Yersinia
- Malignant Catarrhal fever
- Secondary to septicaemia

Non-infectious
- Nutritional
- Poisonous substances
- Mycotoxins
- Acidosis
- Copper deficiency/toxicity
- Cobalt +/or selenium deficiency
- Secondary to Das, peritonitis

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5
Q

Ddx for infectious diarrhoea in housed cattle - Pre-weaning calves

A

Any age pre weaning - Clostridium
Within 14 days - Rotavirus, E.coli, Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium
Few weeks old - Eimeria

Clostridium perfrigens
- Type A, B, C or D
Found everywhere
Commensal of GI tract and soil
Proliferates if sudden diet change
Causes death and severe D+
Pathology - haemorrhagic enteritis, intestinal mucosal ulceration, D+ in intestines
Pathophysiology - rapid bacterial overgrowth and enterotoxin release

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6
Q

Ddx for infectious diarrhoea in housed cattle - Post weaning calves

A

Eimeria

3 weeks to 6 months
Shedding can occur transiently throughout life
Clinical disease - D+ and poor DLWG, rarely rectal prolapses
Why - infection location - cecum, colon, and terminal ileum
Mucosa - congested, oedematous, thickened with haemorrhages, later sloughed away

Immunity - yes
depends on quality of oocysts picked up during primary infection
Species specific - not between sheep and cows

Diagnose - McMasters
Treat - supportive therapy
Predisposing factors
- High stocking density
- Poor hygeine
- Mixed age groups
- Stress factors
- Wet and warm weather
- Mixing calf groups

Prevent - oral drench - Toltrazuril decoquinate in feed
Hygiene - bedding management, stocking densities, group management

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7
Q

Ddx for infectious diarrhoea in housed cattle - Adult cattle

A

Winter dystentry - (coronavirus)
MAP - Johne’s

Coronavirus
Same pathogen causing D+ in calves and mild BRD in post weaning calves
Most cattle are seropositive
Highly contagious
Short lived (2-3 days) diarrhoea
Cattle in close confinement

Faeco-oral tranmission + suspected change in rumen microbiome
Colonisation of small intestine and colon
Voluminous D+ from hypersecretion due to inflammatory resposne
Destroys epithelial cells

Treatment
- Supportive
- NSAIDs
- Rehydration

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8
Q

Ddx for infectious diarrhoea in housed cattle Any age

A

Salmonella
Rinderpest
BVD

Salmonella - reportable
Rinderpest - notifiable

Salmonella - TMPS, NSAIDs, Hartmanns fluid

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9
Q

SARA

A

Sub acute ruminal acidosis

pH - 5.6-6.5
Should spend 10-12 hours ruminating
>70 L saliva
Contractions 3 in 2 minutes
End product - VFAs

Low pH - insufficient fibre - decreased rumination - from sorting or spring grass
OR - excess starch, rapid fermentation - concetrates or fed once a day
Decreased intakes - heat stress, poor cow comfort, poor transition cow management

Diagnosis
- Rumen fluid sample - stomach tube or rumenocentesis

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10
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium - silage
Clinical signs
- Loss of appetite
- Reduced milk yield
- Poor weight gain
- Feed refusal
- Diarrhoea
- Pyrexia
- Pruritis
- Bleeding
- Illthrift

Not contagious
Often seasonal outbreaks

Prevention
- Harvest as early as possible - esp forage maize, avoiding soil contamination
Minimising top spoilage through oxygen barrier film
Mycotoxin binder in TMR

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11
Q

Causes of neonate sheep scour

A

Nutritional - incorrect mixing of milk replacer
Bacterial - E.coli - watery mouth, Clostridium perfringens (B - lamB dystentry), Salmonella
Viral - rotavirus
Parasitic - Cryptosporidium

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12
Q

Causes of lamb scour

A

Nutritional - Rumen acidosis - creep feeding
Parasitic - Coccidiosis, Nematodirus, Parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE)

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13
Q

Causes of adult sheep scour

A

Nutritional - Rumen acidosis/lush pasture
Bacterial - Salmonella, Johne’s

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14
Q

E.coli - watery mouth

A

Young lambs <4 days old
Lambs are pyrexic, lethargic and may scour
High mortality
Hypersalivation
Pot belly
Poor hygiene and FPT

Control
Clean bedding pens
50ml/kg colostrum ASAP after birth <6hours
200ml/kg in first 24 hours
Ewe nutrition and BCS - check forage/metabolic profiling pre lambing

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15
Q

LamB dysentry - Clostridium perfringens type B

A
  • Gram positive anaerobic bacteria, ubiquitous in environment and commensal in GIT
  • Rapid onset disease caused by toxins released when bacteria have opportunity to multiply
  • Control is by vaccination of ewes (lambs can be vaccinated from 2-3w)

LamB dysentry
Sudden death +/- diarrhoea
Lambs may appear dull/listless before death
Affects young lambs (usually <3w)

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16
Q

Coccidiosis - Eimeria

A

Eimeria (protozoan parasite)
Many species but only 2 are pathogenic in sheep (E. ovinoidalisand E. crandallis)
NB oocyst counts; host specific

Timing of infection risk related to seasonality of lambing rather than seasonality of parasite (in housed dairy calves can seen infection almost any time of year)

Lambs 3-12 weeks old are most at risk from infection.
Typically lambs born in the first half of the lambing period exposed to a low level of challenge and develop immunity
Early lambs multiply up the oocysts in the shed or field whilst they develop immunity and the later born, youngest lambs then encounter a high challenge of infectious oocysts and suffer with clinical disease (scouring, dehydration) before they develop immunity

Risk factors
* Mixing age groups of lambs
* Moving young lambs to shed/pasture where older lambs were kept
* Intensively stocked systems
* Faecal contamination in/around feed/water troughs

Pathogenesis and clinical signs:
Damage to gut lining causes straining, abdominal pain and diarrhoea +/-mucus and blood; leads to dehydration and death in severe cases (young lambs exposed to high challenge)
Affected animals may also show ill thrift and poor growth rates

Concurrent infection with Nematodirus or Cryptosporidium can exacerbate clinical signs

Control measures:
Ensure adequate colostrum intake, maintain good hygiene and prevent faeco-oral transmission (e.g. raise feed and water troughs or move frequently)

17
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

Protozoal parasite that can cause disease in young lambs (usually <10d old) and calves
It is zoonotic
Faeco-oral transmission
Oocysts persist in environment and resistant to many disinfectants = infection levels build up over time
Causes diarrhoea, inappetence, abdominal pain and mild pyrexia
In mild infections may see reduced growth rates and general poor performance
May get mixed infections with E. coli/Nematodirus = severe clinical signs
Diagnosis by faecal sample/PM

Control measures:
Ensure adequate colostrum intake, maintaining good hygiene and preventing faeco-oral transmission (e.g. raising feed and water troughs)

Can be transmitted in water courses so could consider fencing these off

Older animals tend to shed the parasite which then causes disease in younger animals, so mixing animals of different ages should be avoided where possible

Check that any disinfectants used are effective against Cryptosporidium

18
Q

Endoparasites of sheep

A

GI nematodes - roundworms - PGE
- Trichostrongylus
- Teladorsagia
- Nematodirus battus
- Haemonchus

Trematodes
- Fasciola hepatica

Coccidia/Cryptosporidium

Lungworm
- D.filaria
- M.capillaris

Tapeworms

19
Q

Endoparasites of cattle

A

GI nematodes - roundworms - PGE
- Ostertagia ostertagi
- Cooperia oncophora
- Trichostrongylus axei

Trematodes
- Fasciola hepatica
- Rumen fluke

Coccidia/Cryptosporidia

Lungworm
- Dictocaulus viviparous

Tapeworms

20
Q

What parasites do sheep and cattle NOT generate immunity to?

A

Fluke - sheep and cattle
Haemonchus - sheep
Lungworm - immunity in cattle is shortlived

21
Q

Nematodirus

A

Immature larvae attack gut wall - dehydration and rapid death
PPP - before they reach adulthood - no eggs found on faecal egg count in outbreak

Control - benzomidazole - albendazole

22
Q

Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus

A

Main GI nematodes in lambs - adults develop immunity - bear in mind periparturient relaxation in immunity - 2-4 weeks pre and 6-8 weeks post lambing will have drop in immunity

Hypobiosis until following spring

Clinical - scouring, weight loss, poor fleece quality, dull, depressed, dehydrated, death

Subclinical - slower DLWG, reduced feed conversion efficiency, reduced immunity
May to march, peak in late summer/autumn

Farm animal (8 decks)

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