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Human Disease > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

main respiratory symptoms

A

breathlessness
wheeze
cough
sputum production
chest pain

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2
Q

what is sputum?

A

Mucus and other matter brought up from the lungs by coughing

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3
Q

what is pneumonia?

A

inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by an infection

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4
Q

symptoms of pneumonia

A

cough
sputum production
sometimes haemoptysis
pleuritic chest pain
breathlessness
fever, sweats, rigors
malaise

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5
Q

what is haemoptysis?

A

Sometimes there is blood in the sputum and that symptom is called haemoptysis

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6
Q

causative organisms of pneumonia

A

streptococcus pneumoniae
haemophilus influenzae
mycoplasma pneumoniae

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7
Q

how would you manage pneumonia?

A

ABDCE approach
CRB65 score
Antibiotics

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8
Q

what is the CRB65 score?

A

CRB 65 - C - confusion
R - respiratory rate
B - blood pressure

This is to find out the risk of patient having pneumonia

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9
Q

what score in the CRB 65 states low risk?

A

0

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10
Q

what score in the CRB 65 states intermediate risk?

A

1 or 2

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11
Q

what score in the CRB 65 states high risk?

A

3 or 4

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12
Q

what is obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

breathing stops and starts during sleep due to obstruction of pharynx
sleep interrupted many times during the night
unrefreshing sleep, headaches, poor memory

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13
Q

risk factors of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

male>female
overweight/obesity
small airway, small lower jaw, large tonsils

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14
Q

diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

symptom assessment - epworth sleepiness scale
sleep study

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15
Q

what is pneumothorax?

A

when the lung lining punctures and air escapes into the pleural space

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16
Q

symptoms of pneumothorax

A

pleuritic chest pain
breathlessness
may cause collapse and cardiac arrest

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17
Q

management of pneumothorax

A

admission for assessment
may need chest drain to allow lung reinflation

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18
Q

what is interstitial lung disease?

A

a group of about 100 chronic lung disorders characterized by inflammation and scarring that make it hard for the lungs to get enough oxygen.

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19
Q

examples of interstitial lung disease

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
extrinsic allergic alveolitis

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20
Q

what can interstitial lung disease lead to?

A

lung scarring and fibrosis

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21
Q

symptoms of interstitial lung disease

A

breathlessness, often progressive
cough

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22
Q

treatment for interstitial lung disease

A

depends on cause
specialist respiratory clinic for management

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23
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A

Autosomal recessive genetic disease in which the lungs and digestive system can become clogged with thick, sticky mucus

24
Q

what is pulmonary embolus

A

occurs when a blood clot gets stuck in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung

25
Q

what is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition in which a blood clot develops in the deep veins, most commonly in the lower extremities

26
Q

treatment for pulmonary embolus

A

anticaogulants

27
Q

what is asthma?

A

Asthma is a common lung condition that causes occasional breathing difficulties.
inflammatory and allergic condition

28
Q

symptoms of asthma

A

wheeze
breathlessness
cough

29
Q

peak flow recording (PEFR) for moderate acute asthma

A

50-75%

30
Q

peak flow recording (PEFR) for acute severe asthma

A

33-50%

31
Q

peak flow recording (PEFR) for life threatening asthma

A

<33%

32
Q

how would you treat moderate acute asthma?

A

give salbutamol and reassess

33
Q

how would you treat acute severe asthma?

A

phone 999
give salbutamol
give oxygen

34
Q

how would you treat life threatening asthma?

A

phone 999
give salbutamol
give oxygen

35
Q

In detail how would you manage a medical emergency acute asthma attack in your surgery?

A

ABCDE approach
give salbutamol inhaler - 2 puffs with spacer - if patient does not respond satisfactorily phone 999
high flow oxygen
send someone for AED
give salbutamol 5mg nebuliser or 2-10 puffs via spacer
if part of an anaphylactic reaction, give IM adrenaline
repeat salbutamol every 10 mins
write a handover note to hospital

36
Q

how could unstable asthma be managed

A

steroids

37
Q

oral side effects of inhaled therapy

A

candidiasis
altered taste
dry mouth

38
Q

what are the markers of acute severe asthma?

A

PEFR 33-50%
respiratory rate >25 per minute
heart rate >110
inability to complete sentences in one breath

39
Q

what dose of salbutamol inhaler should you give in an acute asthma attack in your dental surgery?

A

initially 2 puffs via MDI
If does not respond satisfactorily then call 999, high oxygen flow, salbutamol 5mg nebulized or 2-10 puffs via MDI

40
Q

Oral side effects of salbutamol

A

oral and throat irritation

41
Q

oral side effects of inhaled corticosteroids

A

oral candidiasis, altered taste, altered voice

42
Q

oral side effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists (montelukast)

A

dry mouth

43
Q

oral side effects of long acting muscarinic agonists (tiotropium)

A

dry mouth, dysphonia, altered taste

44
Q

oral side effects of oral corticosteroids

A

oral candidiasis

45
Q

what is COPD?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
airway obstruction that is not fully reversible
progressive overtime
caused by smoking mostly or air pollution

46
Q

how is COPD diagnosed?

A

history
exam
spirometry

47
Q

symptoms of COPD

A

breathlessness
wheeze
chronic cough and sputum production
frequent infections (stagnant mucous)

48
Q

COPD management

A

smoking cessation
pulmonary rehabilitation
vaccination - reduce chance of flu etc

49
Q

what are the 4 main medications used for COPD?

A

SABA
LABA
LAMA
ICS

50
Q

what is SABA?

A

salbutamol or terbutaline

51
Q

what is LABA?

A

formoterol, salmeterol, vilanterol

52
Q

what is LAMA?

A

tiotropium, glycopyrronium, aclidinium

53
Q

what is ICS?

A

Beclomethasone, fluticasone

54
Q

how would you manage acute breathlessness in a person with COPD in your surgery?

A

ABCDE approach
salbutamol 2 puffs via spacer
oxygen to maintain sats 88-92
may need to be hospitalised

55
Q

how is COPD different to asthma?

A

irreversible airway obstruction
chronic cough is common
persistent and progressive breathlessness over time
aetiology is usually inhalation of toxins (smoking, air pollution)

Human Disease (17 decks)

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