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Human Disease > Musculoskeletal Disorders > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is arthritis?

A

inflammation of joints

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2
Q

what is arthrosis?

A

non-inflammatory joint disease

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3
Q

what is arthralgia?

A

joint pain

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4
Q

what type of tissue is bone?

A

connective

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5
Q

what are the 3 main features of bone?

A

load bearing
dynamic
self repairing

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6
Q

what is the function of osteoclasts?

A

responsible for aged bone resorption
they eat away the bone matrix

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7
Q

what is the function of osteoblasts?

A

responsible for new bone formation

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8
Q

how long does the bone turnover cycle take?

A

3-6 months

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9
Q

what does the bone turnover cycle require?

A

correct amounts of calcium, phosphate and vitamin d

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10
Q

What is stored within bone?

A

calcium

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11
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

A

a hormone your parathyroid glands release to control calcium levels in your blood

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12
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism?

A

where the parathyroid glands (in the neck, near the thyroid gland) produce too much parathyroid hormone

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13
Q

what is hypoparathyroidism?

A

parathyroid glands, which are in the neck near the thyroid gland, produce too little parathyroid hormone.

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14
Q

what causes primary hyperparathyroidism and what can it lead to?

A

can be due to tumours, resulting in high serum calcium levels and inappropriate activation of osteoclasts

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15
Q

what causes secondary hyperparathyroidism and what can it lead to?

A

can be due to low serum calcium, this will activate osteoclasts in bone to try maintain the level

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16
Q

how can you receive vitamin D?

A

produced from sunlight through cholecalciferol in the skin
absorbed from the diet

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17
Q

vitamin D problems

A

low sunlight exposure
poor GI absorption
drug interactions
due to the pigment in the skin, darker skinned people absorb less vitamin D less efficiently

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18
Q

what is osteomalacia?

A

a condition where bones become soft and weak.
poorly mineralised osteoid matrix
poorly mineralised cartilage growth plate
The most common cause is not having enough vitamin D

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19
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

weakens bones to the point that they can break easily
loss of mineral and matrix - reduced bone mass
It develops slowly over several years and is often only diagnosed when a fall or sudden impact causes a bone to break (fracture)

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20
Q

what is rickets?

A

Rickets is a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities
when osteomalacia happens during bone formation a disease called rickets results. after bone formation is completed the disease is termed osteomalacia

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21
Q

what causes osteomalacia?

A

calcium deficiency

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22
Q

effects of osteomalacia?

A

BONE EFFECTS
bones bend under pressure - ‘bow legs’
vertebral compression in adults
bones ‘ache’ to touch
HYPOCALCAEMIA EFFECTS\
muscle weakness
trousseau and chvostek signs positive

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23
Q

risk factors of osteoporosis

A

age
female>male
oestrogen and testosterone deficiency
cushings syndrome
genetic - family history, race, early menopause
inactivity
smoking
alcohol consumption
diet - lack of calcium
steroids
anti-epileptics

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24
Q

why is osteoporosis more common in females than males?

A

the hormone changes that happen at the menopause directly affect bone density.
oestrogen withdrawal increases bone mass loss

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25
Q

what is peak bone mass age?

A

24-35yrs

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26
Q

what drugs are used to treat osteoporosis?

A

bisphosphonates

27
Q

osteoporosis prevention

A

exercise
high dietary calcium intake
oestrogen hormone replacement therapy - most effective if early menopause

28
Q

what is hormone replacement therapy?

A

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a treatment to relieve symptoms of the menopause. It replaces hormones that are at a lower level as you approach the menopause

29
Q

how do bisphosphonates work?

A

They act by preventing osteoclast action, by poisoning the osteoclast and reducing their numbers. If there are reduced osteoclasts, less bone can be removed therefore bone mass can be preserved

30
Q

what are the 4 main types of bisphosphonates?

A

alendronate
ibandronate
zolendronate
risendronate

31
Q

what does the higher the potency of a drug mean?

A

means the drug will be taken less

32
Q

what is osteocrenosis?

A

blood flow to part of a bone is disrupted

33
Q

where is commonly effected by osteonecrosis due to an invasive dental procedure?

A

the jaw

34
Q

symptoms of joint disease

A

pain
immobility stiffness
loss of function

35
Q

how to investigate joint disease?

A

radiography
blood tests
arthroscopy and biopsy

36
Q

what is crepitus?

A

noise made by bone ends moving

37
Q

example of arthropathies

A

gout

38
Q

what are crystal arthropathies?

A

a group of joint disorders caused by deposits of crystals in joints and the soft tissues around them

39
Q

what are acute monoarthropathies?

A

only affects one joint in the body

40
Q

what is gout

A

Gout gives you acute arthritis of a single joint but it can also be caused by a septic arthritis where an infection has got in to a joint. Uric acid crystals are deposited in the joint and cause inflammation, causing significant pain

41
Q

what does hyperuricaemia mean?

A

high uric acid levels

42
Q

causes of hyperuricaemia

A

drug induced - thiazide diuretics
genetic predisposition
chemotherapy
tumour related - myeloma
obesity and alcohol consumption
less common in women until menopause - then equalises

43
Q

gout symptoms

A

acute inflammation of single joint
rapid onset

44
Q

what is prescribed to treat gout?

A

NSAIDS

45
Q

dental aspects of gout

A

avoid aspirin - interferes with uric acid removal
drug treatments may give oral ulceration (allopurinol)

46
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

most common form of arthritis
degenerative joint disease

47
Q

where does osteoarthritis most commonly effect?

A

hips and knees

48
Q

symptoms of osteoarthritis

A

pain that improves with rest and worsens with activity
brief morning sickness
slowly progressive over years

49
Q

how to test for osteoarthritis

A

radiographs

50
Q

treatment for osteoarthritis

A

NSAIDS
joint replacement

51
Q

dental aspects of OA

A

TMJ can be involved
chronic NSAID use - oral ulceration, anti platelets can lead to increased bleeding

52
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

initially an autoimmune disease of the synovium with gradual inflammatory joint destruction

53
Q

main difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid

A

rheumatoid is not a disease of old age like osteoarthritis , starts earlier on in life and progresses from there

54
Q

where does rheumatoid arthritis effect?

A

it is a symmetrical polyarthritis and effects all synovial joints in the body

55
Q

symptoms of RA?

A

joint swelling
fever
slow onset - initially hands and feet
weight loss

56
Q

investigations of RA

A

radiographs
blood tests

57
Q

drugs used to treat RA

A

analgesics - paracetamol, cocodomol
NSAIDS
steroids
disease modifying drugs - hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate

58
Q

dental aspects of RA

A

reduced dexterity
access to care
sjogrens sydrome - dry mouth
drug effects - bleeding, ulceration, pigmentation

59
Q

what RA drug can cause oral lichenoid reactions

A

sulphasalazine
hydroxychloroquinone

60
Q

what RA drug can cause oral ulceration

A

methotrexate

61
Q

what RA drug can cause oral pigmentation

A

hydroxychloroquinone

62
Q

what is seronegative spondyloarthritides

A

a family of joint disorders that classically include;
ankylosing spondylitis
reiter’s disease
arthritis of IBD

63
Q

effects of ankylosing spondylitis

A

disabling progressive lack of axial movement
lower back pain
cervical spine tipped forward (kyphosis)

64
Q

treatment for ankylosing spondylitis

A

analgesia
NSAIDS
physio
occupational therapy
surgery

Human Disease (17 decks)

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