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Human Disease > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the endocrine system?

A

controls growth and development during childhood, regulation of bodily functions in adulthood, and the reproductive process.

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2
Q

what causes an endocrine disorder?

A

the improper function of the endocrine system, which includes the glands that secrete hormones, the receptors that respond to hormones and the organs that are directly impacted by hormones

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3
Q

what is multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)?

A

rare disorders of the endocrine system

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4
Q

what can MEN cause?

A

increase in likeliness to develop benign or malignant tumors in the endocrine glands

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5
Q

what are the 3 main types of MEN syndromes?

A

MEN 1
MEN 2a
MEN 2b

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6
Q

what diseases come under MEN 1?

A

Parathyroid tumors, pancreatic tumors, and pituitary tumors

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7
Q

What diseases come under MEN 2a?

A

Medullary thyroid cancers (MTC), pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid tumors

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8
Q

What diseases come under MEN 2b?

A

Medullary thyroid cancers, pheochromocytoma and neuromas

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9
Q

Which MEN is most interesting to the dental community and why?

A

MEN 2b
Part of the syndrome includes mucosal neuromas

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10
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

behind the nose in the middle of the skull base

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11
Q

what is the sella turcica (“turkish seat”)

A

bony depression ion the sphenoid bone, where the pituitary gland sits

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12
Q

what are the 2 components of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior
posterior

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13
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

acts as a controlling system
controls many hormones released within the body

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14
Q

what controls the pituitary gland?

A

the hypothalamus

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15
Q

what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

A

TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH - adrenocorticotrophic hormone
GH - growth hormone
LH, FSH Prolactin

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16
Q

what hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH - anti diuretic hormone - this can lead to diabetes insipidus
oxytocin

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17
Q

what are the 2 main types of pituitary tumours?

A

functional
non - functional

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18
Q

what are pituitary adenomas

A

tumors of the pituitary gland

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19
Q

what is trans - sphenoidal surgery?

A

the most common procedure for removing a tumor of the pituitary gland.

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20
Q

what can an excess amount of growth hormone do to both adults and kids?

A

giantism in children
acromegaly in adults

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21
Q

how would you measure a person’s level of growth hormone?

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

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22
Q

General presenting changes of acromegaly

A

coarse features
enlarged supra-orbital ridges
broad nose, thickened lips and soft tissues
enlarged hands - carpal tunnel syndrome
type 2 diabetes - due to insulin resistance from increased GH
cardiovascular disease

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23
Q

intra-oral changes caused by acromegaly

A

enlarged tongue
interdental spacing
‘shrunk’ dentures
reverse overbite

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24
Q

what is pituitary disease?

A

a rare disorder in which your pituitary gland fails to produce one or more hormones, or doesn’t produce enough hormones

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25
Q

what is thyroid disease?

A

a general term for a medical condition that keeps your thyroid from making the right amount of hormones

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26
Q

what is the name given to an excess production of hormone made my the thyroid gland?

A

hyperthyroidism
aka thyrotoxicosis

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27
Q

what is the name given to a deficiency in hormone production from the thyroid gland?

A

hypothyroidism
aka myxoedema

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28
Q

what are the 3 main causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

GRAVES disease
toxic multi-nodular goitre
toxic adenoma

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29
Q

what is GRAVES disease?

A

an autoimmune condition where your immune system mistakenly attacks your thyroid which causes it to become overactive. often seen in family history

30
Q

signs of hyperthyroidism

A

warm and moist skin
tachycardia and atrial fibrillation
increased BP and heart failure
tremor and hyperreflexia
eyelid retraction and lid lag

31
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

hot and excess sweating, weight loss and diarrhoea
palpitations, muscle weakness
irritable, manic, anxious

32
Q

what is a goitre?

A

a lump or swelling at the front of the neck caused by a swollen thyroid

33
Q

causes of primary hypothyroidism

A

autoimmune (hashimoto’s) thyroiditis
idiopathic atrophy
iodine deficiency
radioiodine - used to treat hyper
drugs - carbimazole, amiodarone, lithium

34
Q

causes of secondary hypothyroidism

A

hypothalamic/pituitary disease

35
Q

signs of hypothyroidism

A

dry coarse skin
bradycardia, hyperlipidaemia
confusion
goitre
delayed reflexes

36
Q

is hypothyroidism a reduced metabolism or increased metabolism?

A

reduced

37
Q

is hyperthyroidism a reduced metabolism or increased metabolism?

A

increased

38
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

tired
cold tolerance
weight gain
constipation
hoarse voice
puffed face
angina
poor memory
hair loss

39
Q

how do you test for thyroid disease

A

blood tests
ultrasound to check for cysts
radioisotope to see gland uptake
biopsy

40
Q

What hormones are looked at when taking bloods to investigate thyroid disease?

A

TSH
T3
T4

41
Q

treatment used for hyperthryroidism

A

carbimazole
beta blockers
radioiodine
surgery - thyroidectomy

42
Q

treatment used for hypothyroidism

A

thyroxine (T4 tablets)

43
Q

dental aspects of hyperthyroid

A

pain anxiety and psychiatric problems
caution for treatment until controlled

44
Q

dental aspects of hypothyroid

A

avoid the use of sedatives if severe

45
Q

symptoms of thyroid cancer

A

A lump in the neck, sometimes growing quickly.
Swelling in the neck.
Pain in the front of the neck, sometimes going up to the ears.
Hoarseness or other voice changes that do not go away.
Trouble swallowing.
Trouble breathing.
A constant cough that is not due to a cold.

46
Q

treatment for thyroid cancer

A

radiotherapy
chemotherapy

47
Q

what are the two pain types of thyroid cancer?

A

papillary (80%)
folicular (more common in younger)

48
Q

where does the adrenal gland sit?

A

on the renal gland (kidney)

49
Q

the adrenal gland is divided into 2 parts, what are they?

A

outer cortex
inner medulla

50
Q

what is addison’s disease?

A

when the adrenal tissue is destroyed and no hormones can be produced

51
Q

what is the term given to an excess adrenal action?

A

cushings disease/syndrome

52
Q

treatment for adrenal issues

A

therapeutic corticosteroids

53
Q

what hormones are produced by the adrenal gland?

A

aldosterone
cortisol
adrenal androgens (adrenaline)

54
Q

what zone of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?

A

glomerulosa

55
Q

what zone of the adrenal gland secretes cortisol?

A

fasicularis

56
Q

what zone of the adrenal gland secretes adrenal androgens (adrenaline)?

A

reticularis

57
Q

purpose of aldosterone

A

It helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body

58
Q

purpose of cortisol

A

the primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain’s use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues. Cortisol also curbs functions that would be nonessential or harmful in a fight-or-flight situation

59
Q

types of therapeutic steroids

A

hydrocortisone
prednisolone
triamcinolone
dexamethasone
betamethasone

60
Q

adrenal hyperfunction

A

aka cushings syndrome
causes excess cortisol secretion by the adrenal gland

61
Q

adrenal hypofunction

A

aka Addison’s disease
is an uncommon illness that occurs when the body doesn’t make enough of certain hormones.

62
Q

what is cushing’s syndrome?

A

a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time

63
Q

Dental aspects of cushings disease

A

candidiasis
oral pigmentation
steroid precautions may be needed

64
Q

dental aspects of addisons disease

A

oral pigmentation

65
Q

what is diabetes mellitus?

A

abnormality of glucose regulation
your body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use it as well as it should

66
Q

what is diabetes insipidus?

A

abnormality of renal function (water)

67
Q

what is tests are carried out to diagnose diabetes?

A

random sugar test
fasting sugar test
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
HbA1C

68
Q

what result from an RPG indicates diabetes?

A

> 11.1mmol/L on 2 occassions

69
Q

before the GTT what results state normal, impaired fasting glucose and diabetes

A

normal - < 6.1 mmol/L
impaired fasting glucose - 6.1-7.0 mmol/L
diabetes - >7.0 mmol/L

70
Q

what are the 2 hour plasma glucose results that state normal, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes

A

normal - < 7.8 mmol/L
IGT - 7.8-11.1 mmol/L
diabetes - > 11.1

71
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes

A

an insulin deficiency
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B cells

71
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes

A

an impairment in the way the body regulates and uses sugar (glucose) as a fuel

Human Disease (17 decks)

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