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Human Disease > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Syncope

A

Black outs - loss of consciousness

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2
Q

Common causes of blackouts

A

Vasovagal “faint”
Postural hypotension
Cardiac arrhythmia
Epileptic seizure
Hypoglycaemia

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3
Q

Vasovagal “faint”

A

Brought on by fear, emotion, heat, prolonged standing, hunger.
Prodrome: feeling faint, nausea, visual fields closing in
Due to low BP and low heart rate
Recover within 2 mins
Management: lie flat and elevate legs to increase venous return

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4
Q

Postural hypotension

A

A drop in blood pressure when you stand up after lying or sitting down.
Commonly drugs are a common cause of PH

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5
Q

Haemorrhage

A

Bleed on the brain

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6
Q

Subdural haematoma

A

Ventricle is compressed and midline is shifted
Bleed underneath the dura

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7
Q

Extradural haematoma

A

Bleed outside the dura

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8
Q

Impaired consciousness

A

A state where consciousness has been affected by damage to the brain e.g head injury, stroke, tumour.
Impaired conscious level can be due to any organ system disfunction as well as a primary brain problem.
Often can have more than one cause

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9
Q

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A

Measures the severity of a coma
Generally, comas are classified as: severe, with GCS ≤8, moderate, GCS 9–12, and minor, GCS ≥13

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10
Q

NEWS score - AVPCU scale

A

Alert
Verbal
Pain
C new confusion
Unresponsive

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11
Q

Metabolic causes of impaired conciousness

A

Hypoglycaemia - where the level of sugar in your blood (glucose) drops too low
Hypoxia - low levels of oxygen in body tissues
Hypercapnia - too much CO2 in the blood
Hyponatraemia - concentration of sodium in the blood is abnormally low
Hyperglycaemia - calcium level in your blood is too high
Hypothyroidism - underactive thyroid

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12
Q

Impaired consciousness caused by infections

A

Brain - encephalitis, meningitis, cerebral abscess
Any other severe bacterial infection causing sepsis - pneumonia

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13
Q

Impaired consciousness caused by drugs and toxins

A

Alcohol
Opiates
Recreational drugs
Overdose of prescribed medication

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14
Q

ABCDE approach

A

Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure

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15
Q

Epilepsy

A

Excessive electrical discharges in brain

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16
Q

Focal (partial) seizures

A

Presentation depends on part of brain affected

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17
Q

Generalised seizures

A

Whole brain affected - whole body presentation

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18
Q

How do you investigate epilepsy

A

Blood tests
Brain imaging - MRI
Electroencephalogram - EEG

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19
Q

Tonic phase of a seizure

A

causes a sudden stiffness or tension in the muscles of the arms, legs or trunk

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20
Q

Clonic phase of a seizure

A

repeated jerking movements of the arms and legs on one or both sides of the body, sometimes with numbness or tingling

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21
Q

Emergency treatment of seizure >5 minutes or repeated seizures

A

High flow oxygen
Midazolam oromucosal solution 10mg buccally
999 if needed

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22
Q

Primary headache disorders

A

tension headache
migraine
cluster headache
medication overuse headache
trigeminal neuralgia

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23
Q

Tension headache

A

feels like a “tight band” around the head
often stress related
symmetrical

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24
Q

treatment for tension headaches

A

conventional analgesia
tricyclic antidepressants for prophylaxis

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25
Q

Migraine

A

prolonged reduction in cerebral blood flow following a brief spell of increased flow

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26
Q

treatment for a migraine

A

conventional analgesia (paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen)
metoclopramide
serotonin agonists e.g. sumatriptan, zolmitriptan

27
Q

cluster headaches

A

severe pain around eye
watery, blood shot, lid swelling, runny nose

28
Q

treatment for cluster headache

A

sumatriptan, oxygen

29
Q

trigeminal neuralgia headache

A

intense stabbing pain 10/10 severity

30
Q

treatment for trigeminal neuralgia headache

A

carbamazepine
sometimes surgery

31
Q

secondary headache disorders

A

head injury
CNS tumours
CNS infections
intracerebral or subarachnoid bleeds
giant cell arteritis
glaucoma

32
Q

giant cell arteritis

A

inflammatory condition affecting the arteries in the temple

33
Q

glaucoma

A

a common eye condition where the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain, becomes damaged.

34
Q

CNS infections - bacterial meningitis

A

Bacteria that enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord.

35
Q

CNS infections - encephalitis

A

inflammation of brain parenchyma

36
Q

diagnosis of bacterial meningitis

A

lumbar puncture
blood cultures
CT or MRI brain

37
Q

diagnosis of encephalitis

A

lumbar puncture
EEG
MRI

38
Q

what is a stroke?

A

an acute compromise of blood supply to the brain

39
Q

what are the 2 types of strokes and likeliness percentage?

A

cerebral infarction (90%)
cerebral haemorrhage (10%)

40
Q

cerebral infarction

A

disrupted blood flow to the brain due to problems with the vessels that supply it. common cause of strokes

41
Q

cerebral haemorrhage

A

bleeding in the surrounding tissues of the brain

42
Q

subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

blood in subarachnoid space

43
Q

diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

CT scan
Angiography to identify aneurysms
lumbar puncture

44
Q

intracerebral haemorrhage

A

bleed directly into the brain tissue

45
Q

what is a thrombectomy?

A

innovative surgical procedure used to remove blood clots from arteries and veins

46
Q

what is the FAST campaign

A

Face
Arms
Speech
Time
when a stroke arises act fast

47
Q

what are the 2 main movement disorders

A

parkinson’s disease
essential tremor

48
Q

what is parkinson’s disease

A

a degeneration of the dopaminergic neurones in the basal ganglia

49
Q

what are the main clinical features of parkinson’s disease?

A

bradykinesia - slowness and reduced movement
rigidity - inability to bend
tremor

50
Q

treatment for parkinson’s disease

A

dopaminergic drugs - levodopa (co - careldopa, co - beneldopa). dopamine receptor agonists (ropinirole, rotigotine, pramipexole)
rehab/supportive care - physio and occupational therapy
surgical - deep brain stimulation

51
Q

what causes parkinson’s disease

A

when cells in the substantia nigra stop working and die off, leaving the body to lack dopamine.

The brain uses dopamine to send messages to help control movement.

the reason this happens is undetermined

52
Q

essential tremor

A

a nervous system (neurological) disorder that causes involuntary and rhythmic shaking

53
Q

what is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A

auto immune destruction of myelin sheath of neurones in CNS

54
Q

is MS more common in men or women

A

women

55
Q

what are the two forms of MS?

A

relapsing/remitting
chronic progressive

56
Q

diagnosis of MS

A

Clinical
lumbar puncture
MRI

57
Q

treatment for MS

A

High dose steroids in acute relapse
drugs to reduce relapse and progression of disability in relapsing remitting disease (betaferon, glatiramer)
rehab and supportive care

58
Q

what is Motor Neurone Disease (MND)

A

The destruction of motor neurones

59
Q

is MND more common in male or female

A

male

60
Q

diagnosis of MND

A

clinical
neurophysiology

61
Q

treatment for MND

A

medication
mainly supportive e.g. feeding tubes, wheelchair, NIV, communication aids etc

62
Q

prognosis of MND

A

usually < 5 yrs

63
Q

what is peripheral neuropathy

A

Peripheral neuropathy develops when nerves in the body’s extremities, such as the hands, feet and arms, are damaged. The symptoms depend on which nerves are affected.

64
Q

What is bell’s palsy?

A

a condition that causes sudden weakness in the muscles on one side of the face

Human Disease (17 decks)

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