Respiratory Flashcards
What are the cats core vaccines
FHV
FCV
FPV/ F. Infectious enteritis/ F. Panleukopaenia virus
What are supportive treatments for cat flu
Fluids
Nutritional
Eye lube for sore eyes
Metacam
Antibiotics
Appetite stimulant
What could cause FHV to reoccur
Stress, this is why once diagnosed we should aim to control stress
How can we lower the cat flu strains transmission
Hygiene
In shelters keep barriers between animals
Ensure good ventilation
What diagnostics are we going to do for cat flu
Clinical exam
History
Oral swabs
Ocular swabs
What cat flu strain will present with tongue ulcers
Feline Calicivirus
Name some flu signs
Nasal discharge
Sneezing
Ocular discharge
Rubbing nose
What transmission occurs in FHV and chlamydia felis
Close contact
What transmission occurs in F. Calicivirus
Environmental spread
Fomite
What are the clinical signs of chlamydia felis
Swollen eyes
Flu signs
What sort of infection is chlamydia felis
Intracellular bacteria-like organism
How would you treat chlamydia felis
Doxycycline (targets intracellular bacteria)
Why would we not treat all flus with antibiotics
Some are caused by virus’
What is a typical sign of cyanosis
Blue tongue (unless a chow chow)
What is the pathophysiology of cyanosis
Hypoxaemia
What can we immediately do for cyanosis cases
Provide oxygen
Check for an obstruction
Place them in sterna’s recumbency
What is the pleura
It is the membrane that covers the lungs
Is pleural space disease usually bilateral or unilateral
Bilateral
What is the mediastinum
The space between the two lungs
What is pleural effusion
Fluid in the pleural space
What is pneumothorax
Air in the pleural space
What is pyothorax
Inflammatory fluid / pus in the chest cavity
What are the 5 areas of the lungs we can localise to?
Alveoli
Interstitium
Airways
Blood vessels
Other processes
Why can pleural space disease lead to a collapsed lungs
This is due to a loss of negative pressure in the thoracic cavity
Name some clinical signs of pleural disease
Increased resp rate
Increased resp effort
Open mouth breathing (cats)
Cyanosis
Restrictive breathing patterns (short pants)
What intercostal spaces do you carry out thoracocentesis
ICS 6-8
Why is thoracocentesis contraindicated in haemorrhage?
Removes blood from the central circulation
It leaves a space for more blood to refill once the initial blood is removed
Cause of low protein transudate
Decreased oncotic pressure due to hypoalbuminaemia
Cause of modified transudate (high protein transudate)
High hydrostatic pressure
(Often secondary to CHF)
Describe how to carry out a bronchoalveolar lavage
Put tube down the trachea, flush with some saline and then aspirate the saline. The contents can then be analysed
Clinical examination signs that point towards alveolar disease
Cyanosis
Crackles
What is aspiration pneumonia
The inhalation of a foreign body into the lower airway
What determines the prognosis of an aspiration pneumonia
What what aspirated
Signs of aspiration pneumonia
Cough
Reduced lung sounds
Tachypnoea
Radiograph - alveolar pattern
What antibiotic properties are important for treating respiratory tract disease
High concentration
Based off a culture and sensitivity
Lipophillic to dissolve the blood-bronchus barrier
Bactericidal
What is an anti-tussive
cough suppressent
why do we not want to suppress coughing
coughing is a natural protective process
what is A. vasorum
A nemotode found in the pulmonary artery
what are some clinical signs of A. vasorum
Breathlessness, coughing, neurological signs
What would the signs be for an infestation of A. vasorum
Ex. intolerance
Chronic cough
Syncope (fainting)
dyspnoea
Tachypnoea
Depression
Ataxia
How would we diagnose A. vasorum
Finding L1 in a faecal sample
Finding L1 in a BAL sample
Radiography may show alveolar infiltrates
how would we treat a. vasorum
bronchodilators
Corticosteroids
Supportive treatment (oxygen)
Ivermectin
what tissues are associated with the pulmonary perencymal
Alveoli
Interstitium
What is a main breed dispostion for Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
WHWT, and most terrier breeds
What will we find on clinical exam for IPF (interstitial pulmonary fibrosis)
Crackles in the lung field
Longer expiratory phase
Increase expiratory effort
What will a radiogrpah of IPF show
Interstitial lung pattern (mist)
Cardiomegaly
How do we diagnose IPF
Thoracic radiograph
Clinical signs
CT
Bronchoscopy (BAL to rule out other causes)
Treatment for IPF (interstitial pulmonary fibrosis)
Symptomatic - Avoid collars and smoke inhalation
Therapeutic - Bronchodilators, corticosteroids
What are some treatment options for Metastatic disease in the lungs
Surgical removal
Chemotherapy
If we find mets on the lungs what should we do?
Radiograph the patient to see if there are mets elsewhere in the body
What are some typical signs of respiratory disease
change in respiration (effort, rate, sound)
Coughing
Sneezing / nasal discharge
Cyanosis
What is infectious tracheo-bronchitis
An infectious disease of the URT
What can cause tracheo-bronchitis?
Canine adenovirus-2
Canine parainfluenza
Bordatella bronchiseptica
Name two medications that are anti-tussives
Butorphanol
Codeine
where do we find cough receptors
Above the broncus bifercation
