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Physiology 210 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

phonation

A

passage through vocal cords allowing speech formation

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2
Q

air flow passage

A

larynx, trachea, 2 primary bronchi, lungs

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3
Q

trachea and primary bronchi

A

c shaped cartilage anterior, smooth muscle posterior

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4
Q

broncnioles

A

smooth muscle only

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5
Q

conducting zone

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiloles NO ALVEOLI

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6
Q

respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveoli ducts and sacs AIR EXCHANGE

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7
Q

tracheobronchial tree

A

each part is called a generation, 0 (trachea)-23 (alveoli), diameter and length decrease downwards, number of branches and SA increases downwards

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8
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A

flat epithelial cells, surfactant, susceptible to toxins

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9
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A

produce surfactant, progenitor cells for type 1

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10
Q

surfactant

A

reduces surface tension of water, increasing lung compliance so they can expand easier

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11
Q

respiratory membrane

A

type 1 AC and pulmonary capillary endothelial cells

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12
Q

pneumocyte

A

type 1 and 2 AC

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13
Q

steps of respiration

A
  1. ventilation bulk flow
  2. exchange of gases in lungs diffusion
  3. transport of gases bulk flow
  4. exchange in tissue diffusion
  5. cells use gas
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14
Q

how is ventilation produced

A
  1. CNS sends drive to respiratory muscles
  2. contract in organized pattern
  3. changes in volume and pressure occur
  4. air flows in and out
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15
Q

inspiratory main muscle

A

diaphragm

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16
Q

airway muscles

A

keep upper airways open

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17
Q

accessory muscles

A

exercising, increased metabolic drive

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18
Q

diaphragm overall effect

A

increase thoracic volume

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19
Q

bucket handle motion

A

contraction of external intercostal muscles, lateral volume increase

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20
Q

parasternal intercostals

A

increase anterior posterior dimension of ribcage, pump handle motion

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21
Q

excitatory pump muscles are active when..

A

not in passive breathing, only in effort, cough, stress, exercise

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22
Q

internal intercostal mucles

A

pull ribcage down, reducing volume during excercise, return lungs to resting position

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23
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

upper respiratory muscles depressed, become floppy muscles and block airflow

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24
Q

filters

A

goblet cells and ciliary cells

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25
Q

SOL layer

A

periciliary fluid on top of ciliated cells

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26
Q

cilia movement direction

A

upwards near trachea and downwards near nasopharynx

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27
Q

macrophages

A

last defence for particles in alveoli

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28
Q

particulates in alveoli, what happens to them

A

macrophages phagocytose, silica and asbestos disintegrate macro releasing chemotactic factors recruiting fibroblasts, introducing collagen that stiffens the lungs

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29
Q

spirometry

A

pulmonary function test that tests amount and rate of air going and out

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30
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air in or out in 1 breath

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31
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume forcibly exhaled after expiration

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32
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume of air that can b forcible inhaled after inspiration

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33
Q

residual volume, formula

A

air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration, FRC - ERV

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34
Q

capacities

A

sum of 2 or more lung volumes

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35
Q

vital capacity

A

maximal air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiration

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36
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

maximal volume that can be forcibly inhaled

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37
Q

functional residual capacity

A

volume of air remaining after normal expiration

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38
Q

Total lung capacity

A

amount of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration

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39
Q

TV =

A

500 mL

40
Q

total / minute

A

tidal volume x respiratory frequency, 7.5

41
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

subtract 150 mL from tidal volume 500 mL (dead space) and multiply by 15/min, 5.25

42
Q

Obstructive pattern

A

expiration problem, high amount of air still in lungs, FEV1 reduced

43
Q

restrictive pattern

A

lungs cannot full be filled with air, FVC and FEV1 reduced, ratio of both be similar to normal person but volume is reduced

44
Q

helium dilution method

A

measures functional residual capacity

45
Q

static properties

A

mechanical properties when no air is flowing

46
Q

dynamic properties

A

mechanical properties when air volume is changing

47
Q

ventilation

A

exchange of air between alveoli and atmosphere, occurs by change in pressure and moves in bulk flow

48
Q

boyles law

A

for ideal gas at fixed amount and temperature, the pressure and volume are inversely proportional

49
Q

gas travels from

A

high pressure to low pressure, atmosphere to alveoli

50
Q

flow =

A

change in pressure over resistance

51
Q

what kind of pressure acts as a relative volume

A

intra pleural pressure, always negative

52
Q

Inspiration flowchart

A

CNS makes diaphragm and intercostal muscle contract, thorax expands, Pip becomes subatmopsheric, transpulomary pressure goes up, lungs expand, Palv become sub atmospheric, air flows into alveoli

53
Q

expiration

A

intercostals stop contracting, chest wall recoils, Pip goes back, transpulmonary pressure back down, lungs recoil, air compresses, P alv greater than P atm, air flows out

54
Q

friction forces

A

bw alveolar sacs, lung and chest wall, airflow in airway

55
Q

airflow resistance is sensitive to

A

radius changes

56
Q

laminar flow and turbulent flow

A

linear and wonky in larger airways

57
Q

transitional flow

A

in the bronchial branches

58
Q

when is resistance lowest

A

in the small always near the end

59
Q

airways in series

A

resistance is the sum of all different resistance

60
Q

airways in parallel

A

inverse, thats why its minimal

61
Q

small airways are easily occluded by

A

smooth muscle, edema, mucus

62
Q

static compliance

A

elastic properties of lungs when no air is flowing through

63
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

lung compliance low, overproduction of collagen

64
Q

emphysema

A

lung compliance is high, floppy lungs less SA, elastin gone,

65
Q

dynamic compliance

A

reflects lung stiffness and airway resistance, less than or equal to static compliance

66
Q

hysteresis

A

difference between inflation and deflation compliance path,

67
Q

elastin vs. collagen

A

elastin is weak and springy while collagen is like twine with high tensile strength

68
Q

with age, does lung compliance increase or decrease

A

Increase as elastin and collagen goes down

69
Q

what does water surface tension do

A

creates inward recoil leading alveoli to collapse, decreases the volume of compressible gas

70
Q

Laplace equation

A

P = 2T/r

71
Q

at equilibrium the tendency of increased pressure…

A

wants to expand balances the needs of surface tension to collapse

72
Q

surfactant is produced by

A

type 2 alveolar cells

73
Q

surfactant in smaller or larger cells

A

smaller cells closer together T small, larger cells further apart T is large

74
Q

intra pleural pressure in -/+

A

more negative at the top

75
Q

which zone has the greatest and lowest ventilation

A

greatest in lowest, lowest in upper zone

76
Q

DALTON

A

total pressure is a sum of individual pressures

77
Q

Fick

A

the rate of transfer of a gas is proportional to the surface area of a membrane and depends on difference in partial pressures or inversely proportionate to thickness

78
Q

Henry

A

the amount of gas dissolved in liquid is directly proportional to partial pressure of gas in which the liquid is in equilibrium

79
Q

how do partial pressures change in the alveoli

A

partial pressure of oxygen reduces and partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases

80
Q

determinants of alveolar PO2

A

atmosphere, alveolar ventilation, metabolic rate, lung perfusion (cardiac output),

81
Q

ventilation increases

A

oxygen pressure

82
Q

alveolar capillaries are

A

collapsible, close off when pressure falls below alveolar pressure diverting blood elsewhere

83
Q

ventilation/perfusion ratio

A

balance bw ventilation (O adding CO removing) and perfusion (CO adding and O removing)

84
Q

what does a low V/Q ratio mean

A

airway obstruction

85
Q

perfusion is higher

A

at the base of the lung

86
Q

at the top of the lung the ideal ratio is

A

3X

87
Q

CO binding to Hb shifts the curve

A

left

88
Q

if O/Hb curves moves right

A

affinity is reduced, more unloading

89
Q

what makes the O/Hb curve go right

A

DPG, increase in CO2 pressure, increase in temp, pH decrease (lower number)

90
Q

pH and Hb

A

lower pH means more unloading

91
Q

PreBotC

A

group of neurons in ventral reparatory group, excites inspiratory

92
Q

pFRG

A

excites expiratory muscles

93
Q

type 1 glomus cells

A

chemosensitive, drive response and change ventilation, fire when PO2 decreases

94
Q

type 2 sustenacular cells

A

supporting cells

95
Q

lactic acid accumulation

A

peripheral chemoreceptors, hyperventilation

Physiology 210 (4 decks)

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