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Physiology 210 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Meissner Corpuscles

A

respond to light touch of skin

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2
Q

Merkel Corpuscle

A

Heavy touch

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3
Q

free nerve endings

A

pain

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4
Q

lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle

A

vibration and deep pressure

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5
Q

ruffini corpuscle

A

warmth, warm and cold receptors

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6
Q

sensory receptors both types

A

A. direct to afferent axon endings
B. through synapses eg. Cochlear hair cells

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7
Q

sensory axon transmits via

A

dorsal root ganglion

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8
Q

somatocensory receptors

A

cover surface of entire body and signal various modalities

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9
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

sense local tissue deformation in skin and vicera

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10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sense temperature in skin and brain

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11
Q

nocireceptors

A

sense pain or tissue damage in skin, brain, muscle

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12
Q

proprioreceptors

A

sense movement and force in muscles

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13
Q

vestibular receptors

A

head acceleration and tilt

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14
Q

do invertebrates have myelin sheaths

A

nope

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15
Q

the slowest and fastest conduction velocites

A

Muscle spindle primary endings and Golgi tendon
are the fastest and the autonomic postganglionic fibers, nociceptors and warmth receptors are the
slowest

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16
Q

recruitment

A

as intensity of of stimulus increases the number of sensory receptors increase and release of NT in CNS increases

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17
Q

frequency coding

A

the bigger the stimulus the more channels open, the more Na is released generating a greater number of action potentials

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18
Q

population code

A

bigger stimulus = more sensory neurons recruited which is more AP, eg clapping

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19
Q

Temporal Pattern code

A

variability of firing pattern, whether it is steady or bursts mediates type of sensation

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20
Q

tonic receptors

A

adapt slowly, generate AP during stimulus, Merkel, free ending neuron, Ruffini

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21
Q

rapidly adapting

A

respond briefly only when stimulus changes, includes Pacian and Miessiner

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22
Q

lateral inhibition

A

ascending sensory signals

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23
Q

spatial acutiy

A

the ability to tell the difference between things that are close together

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24
Q

right side of the body conveys its information to what side of the brain

A

left

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25
Q

a larger or smaller receptive field will provide greater spatial acuity

A

smaller

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26
Q

another term fro 2 point discrimination

A

sensory acuity

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27
Q

divergence

A

each sensory afferent sends signals to many neurons in the CNS

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28
Q

convergence

A

a given neuron has many sensory afferents giving inputs

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29
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

the stronger firing neuron that has received the strongest stimulus and inhibits the signals received by neighbouring neurons increasing acuity

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30
Q

where is two point discrimination the highest

A

where density of receptors is highest: hands, face, has the highest surface area in the center of somatosensory cortex

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31
Q

sensation

A

the conscious awareness of a stimulus

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32
Q

perception

A

sensation is combined with an understanding of its meaning

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33
Q

where are sensation and perception proccesed

A

cerebral cortex

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34
Q

homonculus

A

a distorted map of a body that enlarges the part that occupies a larger area of the sensory cortex

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35
Q

dynamic plasticity

A

the map is constantly changing even within seconds

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36
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

reducing transmitter release from the sensory axon close to the synaptic terminal between first and second order neurons
lasts several ms
inhibits specific sensations eg.pain

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37
Q

postsynaptic inhibition

A

acts by hyper-polarizing the membrane of the second order so it moves away from creating an action potential
lasts less than a ms
less selective

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38
Q

pain pathway

A

damaged tissue releases prostaglandin and histamines which activate pain receptors that fire AP to dorsal spinal cord causing substance P release that activates projection neurons that signal pain and excite neurons in the thalamus and cortex = PAIN

39
Q

analgesia

A

suppresion of pain transmission

40
Q

aspirin

A

blocks prostaglandin released by damaged tissue

41
Q

Gabapentin

A

blocks nociceptive afferents conduction

42
Q

opiates

A

reduce release of substance P onto projection neurons

43
Q

referred pain

A

sensation of pain is experienced at a site other than the site of damage because visceral and somatic afferents converge

44
Q

anterolateral system

A

pain and temperature afferents synapse and those interneurons cross over to the opposite site

45
Q

dorsal column system

A

touch, pressure, and stretch afferents enter dorsal column and then interact with interneurons in the brain stem with second order neurons that cross over to conlateral side

46
Q

negative feedback of the limbs

A

external load causes limb to move away from desired position which is detected by receptors that go back to the spinal cord and minimizes the difference helping the presence of the external load

47
Q

muscle spindle

A

changes in muscle length, their endings spiral around intrafusal muscle fibres give rise to 1A (vibrations) and 2 sensory afferents

48
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

sensory endings respond to force, endings give rise to 1B sensory afferents

49
Q

spasticity

A

overactive stretch reflexes

50
Q

alpha motor neurons

A

activate main extrafusal muscle to contract

51
Q

gamma motor neurons

A

activate intrafusal muscle fibers, middle part is non-contractile but is activated by stretch

52
Q

in a somatotopic map which areas are largest?

A

hands and face

53
Q

what is TMS used for

A

clinical spinal cord operations to check for conduction block at site of operation

54
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

signals from sensory motor cortex to spinal cord
crosses to conlateral side at brainstem
makes monosynaptic connections with alpha MN
only 1 neural synapse away from muscles

55
Q

hemiplegia

A

inability to move the limb on the conlateral side of the body

56
Q

Brocas area

A

motor aspects of speech, lesions result in motor aphasia (slurring)

57
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

comprehension, visual and auditory input
lesions lead to sensory aphasia (difficulty understanding meaning) and dyslexia

58
Q

Cerebellum

A

sensory input from spinal cord and motor commands from cerebral cortex

59
Q

Parts of the Cerebellum

A

Vermis: posture control of neck and axial muscles
Intermediate: locomotion control
Lateral: complex hand, arm, finger movement
Flocculonodular: controls balance

60
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

large nuclei deep within cerebral hemisphere, initiates movement suppress muscles that would inhibit resist the movement

61
Q

Lesions in Basal Ganglia

A

Parkinsons (poverty and slow movement) and Huntington (dyskinesia - too much movement), Tourette

62
Q

Brainstem

A

supply NT
initiation of locomotion
respiratory, cardiovascular muscles
sensory, motor, reflex, pain pathway transmission

63
Q

NREM

A

non rapid eye movement
N1 light sleep alpha waves, some theta
N2 medium sleep random waves of greater amplitude
N3 deep sleep more theta and delta

64
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement, dreaming and muscles are most relaxed but brain is most awake, beta rhythm

65
Q

5 stages of sleep

A

N1 N2 N3 N2 REM

66
Q

sleep spindles

A

large amplitude, high frequency bursts

67
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

determines level of consciousness based on eye movements, verbal, movements and obedience

68
Q

Brain Dead Criteria

A
  1. nature and duration of coma must be known
  2. cerebral and brainstem function are absent
  3. flat EEG for 30 min
69
Q

RAS

A

Inputs activate neurons in RAS releasing monoamines

70
Q

monoamine

A

norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin

71
Q

orexins

A

neuropeptide hormones that keep you awake

72
Q

Superchiasmatic nucleus

A

secretes melatonin at dusk, orexin in the morning to maintain circadian rhythm

73
Q

sleep center

A

GABAergic inhibition to reduce orexin

74
Q

A state of Awakeness

A

orexin secreted by superchiasmic nucleus
low blood sugar
negative energy balance
monoamines inhibit sleep center and activate cerebral cortex

75
Q

A state of Sleepiness

A

gradual blood adenosine level increase inhibiting orexin, less monoamines means less activation of thalamus and cerebral cortex

76
Q

2 main aspects of consciousness

A

selective attention and conscious perception

77
Q

Selective Attention

A

attention keeps shifting

78
Q

primary motivation

A

water, nutrients, body temp

79
Q

secondary motivation

A

pleasure, over eating, drugs

80
Q

Why does motivation motivate?

A

get a reward = dopamine

81
Q

emotions

A

internal attitudes

82
Q

emotional behaviour

A

external responses to internal attitudes

83
Q

Depression

A

imbalance of serotonin and norepinephrine at synapses

84
Q

Drug dependence

A

7 criteria, if 3 or more occur in 12 month period substance dependence is diagnosed

85
Q

short term memory

A

easily acquired, quickly lost, episodic, recent sights, words, sounds etc

86
Q

procedural long term memory

A

stimulus response behaviours, motor skills eg. piano

87
Q

declarative long term memory

A

semantic (ice is cold) and episodic (life)

88
Q

where does short to long term memory shift take place in the brain?

A

hippocampus of temporal lobe

89
Q

caudate nucleus

A

consolidates stimulus, solving sequence tasks

90
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss to prior events

91
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

memory loss after injury

92
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

complete anterograde amnesia, damage to hippocampus

93
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

degeneration of memory holding neurons damages by amyloid precursor proteins by over-excitation

Physiology 210 (4 decks)

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