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Physiology 210 > Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A

form absorbable molecules from food through
- GIT motility
- pH changes
- biologic detergents
- enzymes from pancreas

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2
Q

Absorption

A

movement of digestive food from intestine to blood or lymphatic system

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3
Q

excretion

A

non absorbable components of food, bacteria, intestinal cells, hydrophobic molecules (drugs), cholesterol, steroids are excreted

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4
Q

host defense

A

inactivate harmful bacteria and micro-organisms by forming a barrier, lumen is considered to are exterior to the body

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5
Q

mouth

A

chopper

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6
Q

stomach

A

blender, acid reservoir

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7
Q

duodenum

A

reaction vessel

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8
Q

jejunum and ileum

A

catalytic and absorptive surfaces

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9
Q

large intestine

A

residue combuster, dessicator, pelleter

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10
Q

pancreas

A

enzymes supplier, neutralizer

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11
Q

liver

A

detergent supplier, exocrine gland, forms secretes bile, metabolize and store fats, circulating proteins

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12
Q

anus

A

emission control device

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13
Q

top third of esophagus is made of _______ muscle and rest of GIT is composed of _______ muscle

A

skeletal, smooth

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14
Q

where are the villi

A

circular folds of the lumen

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15
Q

epithelial layer of the mucosa

A

single layer of cells, polarized, selective uptake of nutrients, electrolytes and water

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16
Q

how is surface area of the mucosal epithelial layer increased

A

villi contain single layer of epithelial cells that have microvilli, crypt invaginate into lamina propria

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17
Q

apical surface

A

inserts inside tube or lumen of tube

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18
Q

basolateral surface

A

closest to blood surface, facing away from tube, basal and lateral surface

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19
Q

polarized epithelial cells has different/same transport proteins at apical and basolateral surface

A

different

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20
Q

transport proteins are confined to different cell surfaces due to presence of __________ __________

A

tight junctions

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20
Q

transport proteins are confined to different cell surfaces due to presence of __________ __________

A

tight junctions

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21
Q

where are stem cells located

A

within crypts

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22
Q

stem cell flow chart

A

crypt to daughter cells migrating up the villus, reach the end of their life at the top of the villus and slough off

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23
Q

in the small intestine, epithelial cell layer is replace every _____

A

5 days

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24
Q

paracellular pathway

A

chemicals move between cell junctions, limited by tight junctions so only small ions and water can diffuse (in a healthy intestine not much else can get through)

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25
Q

Transcellular pathway

A

2 step process which requires transport proteins on apical and basolateral surface of cell

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26
Q

Lamina propria

A

includes everything above muscle layer (connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve fibres, lymphatic cells and immune cells)

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27
Q

muscularis mucosa

A

thin layer of smooth muscle, may function in moving the vili but not involved in GI contraction

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28
Q

Submucosa

A

contains submucosal nerve plexus, nerves that relay info to and away from mucosa

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29
Q

muscularis external

A

circular muscle: fibers in circular pattern that contract and relax to open and close tube
myenteric nerve plexus: regulate muscle function of GIT
longtitudinal muscle: lengthens and shortens control length of tube

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30
Q

Serosa

A

connective tissue layer encasing intestine and connects to intestinal wall

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31
Q

lacteals are important for …

A

fat absorption

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32
Q

pathway of food entering stomach

A

food enter, digested in stomach, absorption and secretion occurs in the small intestine, processing happens in the colon, elimination of faces containing material that is not absorbed or digested

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33
Q

blood flow in the GIT

A

oxygenated blood enters GIT and loses oxygen as it travels through the intestine, blood from intestine goes to lower before it travels back to heart via portal vein

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34
Q

Portal circulation

A

blood from IT to liver, removes harmful substances as liver is a filter, processes nutrients in blood

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35
Q

Hepatic Artery and Vein in Liver

A

hepatic artery contain oxygen rich blood, nutrient poor
vein carries blood from GIT that is low in oxygen but high in nutrients

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36
Q

Liver has _______ circulation while most other organs have _____

A

series, parallel

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37
Q

Reflexes regulating GI processes are initiated by:

A

a. distention of GIT wall
b. osmolarity of pH
c. concentration of digestion content

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37
Q

Reflexes regulating GI processes are initiated by:

A

a. distention of GIT wall
b. osmolarity of pH
c. concentration of digestion content

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38
Q

enteric nervous system has ________

A

intrinsic nerve regualtion

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39
Q

what is the enteric nervous system important for

A

functions independently of CNS, controls involuntary functions such as digestion

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40
Q

myenteric plexus

A

influencing and regulating smooth muscle

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41
Q

submucosal plexus

A

influences secretion

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42
Q

Extrinsic regualtion

A

occurs through ANS, hunger, smell of food, emotional state

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43
Q

parasympathetic in GIT

A

stimulates peristalsis, secretion, bile release

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44
Q

sympathetic in GIT

A

inhibits peristalsis and secretion

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45
Q

regulations: endocrine, neurocrine, paracrine, autocrine

A

hormones target distant cells
neuron or effector cells in close proximity
local release of paracrine substance
autocrine locally releases substances that acts on itself

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46
Q

CCK

A

released into blood upon stimulation by fatty acids and amino acids in SI
stimulates pancreas to increase digestive enzyme secretion, gall bladder to contract, release bile and acids for breakdown
negative feedback- absorption of fatty acid and amino acids stops release of CCK

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47
Q

function of segmentation

A

allows mixing of digestive system enzymes with GIT content
slows transit time for nutrients to be absorbed

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48
Q

pacemaker cells in GIT

A

spontaneous polarization and depolarization, when stimulus is there only then contraction occur (AP happens)

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49
Q

frequency of contraction is determined by _______, force of contraction mediated by

A

basal electrical rhythm, neuronal and hormonal input

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50
Q

cephalic phase

A

parasympathetic, emotional, sight, smell food

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51
Q

gastric

A

distension, acidity, amino acids, peptides
short and long neural reflexes (gastrin, Ach)

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52
Q

intestinal

A

distention, acidity, osmolarity, digestive products
short long neural reflexes, hormones CCK, GIP

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53
Q

activation of the lateral region of the hypothalamus does what to GIT

A

increases hunger, lesions can cause anorexia in animals

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54
Q

activation of what region makes you feel full

A

satiety center in the ventromedial region, lesions will cause obesity

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55
Q

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

stimulates hunger and or apetite

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56
Q

ghrelin

A

endocrine cells release when fasting and start to starve, released in blood goes to hypothalamus to increase release of NPY

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57
Q

orexigenic factors

A

increase intake

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58
Q

anorexigenic factors examples

A

decrease intake
leptin, insulin, peptide YY, melanocortin

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59
Q

leptin pathway

A

eat more than burned, fat deposit, increased leptin secretion in adipose cells, leptin concentration increases, goes to hypothalamus and inhibits NPY, decrease in appetite, reduced eating increased metabolism

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60
Q

water intake is stimulated by

A

increased plasma osmolarity, decreased plasma volume, dry mouth and throat, prevention of over hydration

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61
Q

what hormone is released to conserve water

A

vasopressin or anti-diuretic conserves water in kidneys

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62
Q

WATER INTAKE SUMMARY

A

lec 2 slide 24

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63
Q

3 types of salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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64
Q

composition of saliva

A

mostly water (hypotonic), electrolytes (more K and HCO3, less Na and Cl), digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase), glycoprotein (mucin), anti microbial factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin)

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65
Q

salivary gland muscles

A

acinar- secrete initial saliva
ductal - create alkaline and hypotonic
myoepithelial- both smooth and epithelial characteristics, can contract

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66
Q

saliva pathway

A

acinus to striated duct by contraction of myoepthilial cells

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67
Q

which salivary duct allows water through

A

acinar have leaky tight junctions, so do ductal but they do not allow water

68
Q

what makes saliva alkaline or basic

A

bicarbonate

69
Q

SUMMARY SLIDE

A

lec 2 pg 34

70
Q

know sympathetic vs parasympathetic nature of salivary glands

A

ok u got this keep going

71
Q

Amylase (ptyalin)

A

enzyme that breaks down starches in saliva, stomach pH inhibits it, pancreatic amylase breaks down 95% carbs in small intestine

72
Q

SLIDE WITH POLYMERS

A

Amy, -lose,-lopectin,-lase, lec 3 slide 3

73
Q

lingual lipase

A

in saliva, but can survive stomach acid stable

73
Q

lingual lipase

A

in saliva, but can survive stomach acid stable

74
Q

in what conditions are amylase and lingual lipase useful

A

reduced pancreatic activity, pancreatic insufficiency, neonates (immature digestive system)

75
Q

xerostomia

A

dry mouth

76
Q

conditions where salivary secretion is impaired

A

congenital, sjogrens syndrome (immune system destroys salivary glands), drug side effects, radiation treatment

77
Q

consequences of xerostomia and treatment

A

dry mouth, decreased oral pH, tooth decay, esophageal erosions, poor nutrition cuz you can’t swallow properly - drink water

78
Q

swallowing

A

receptors stimulated with entrance of food that signals muscles in pharynx, esophagus, respiratory muscles

79
Q

Esophagus

A

no absorption, mucus lined, stratified cell layer

80
Q

where are the lower and upper esophageal rings (sphincter)

A

below pharynx and above stomach

81
Q

when are the esophageal rings open

A

swallowing, vomiting, burping

82
Q

esophagus pathway

A

upper ring opens bolus enters (then is closes and glottis opens to breathe and sphincter closes), peristalsis moves the bolus down then lower ring opens so bolus can go into stomach

83
Q

heart burn cause

A

lower sphincter usually closes to not allow any acidic components from stomach to pass up into esophagus but some does because it doesn’t close properly

84
Q

how does the body treat heartburn

A

peristalsis to much acid back, neutralization, increased salivary secretion

85
Q

Stomach

A

food storage, mechanical and chemical breakdown, control the rate food enters intestine, secrete intrinsic factor to absorb B12

86
Q

how does the stomach do chemical breakdown

A

secrete pepsinogen and HCl

87
Q

chyme

A

reduced fragments of food in stomach

88
Q

chyme

A

reduced fragments of food in stomach

89
Q

fundus

A

top part of stomach, secretes HCL

90
Q

antrum

A

lower part of stomach secretes gastrin

91
Q

exocrine

A

chemical messengers secreted into epithelial surface without passing into blood

92
Q

mucus

A

helps avoid self digestion

93
Q

HCl

A

breakdown protein, hydrolysis, digest macromolecules, sterilize food

94
Q

pepsinogen

A

digestion of proteins

95
Q

gastrin

A

endocrine, stimulate HCl production and increase stomach motility

96
Q

histamine

A

paracrine, increase HCl production, secreted by ECL cells

97
Q

somatostatin

A

paracrine, inhibit HCl production, secreted by D-cells

98
Q

mucous cell

A

luminal end of gland, produces mucus

99
Q

parietal cell

A

produces HCl and intrinsic factor, found in fundus

100
Q

parietal cell

A

produces HCl and intrinsic factor, found in fundus

101
Q

chief cell

A

gastric glands, secreters pepsinogen

102
Q

canaliculi

A

increase SA of cells and maximize secretion of parietal cells

103
Q

enterendocrine cells, G cells

A

gastric glands in antrum, G cell, secrete gastrin, stimulate HCl production and stomach motility

104
Q

enterochromaffin cells

A

secrete histamine, increase HCl release

105
Q

D-cells

A

secrete somatostatin

106
Q

ACIDIFICATION SLIDES

A

lec 3 slides 28/29

107
Q

s cells

A

acid entering duodenum stimulates secretin release

108
Q

secretin

A

goes to pancreatic duct cells stimulates HCO3 release

109
Q

I cells

A

digested fats and protein stimulate release of CCK

110
Q

CCK

A

acts on acinar cells in pancreatic duct to stimulate zymogen granules to release digestive enzymes, stimulates release of bile acid and sphincter of oddi relaxes, negative feeback

111
Q

cephalic phase

A

stimulation in brain, smell and sight of food trigger vagus nerve that causes parasympathetic system to release Act

112
Q

gastric phase

A

food enters stomach, acid regulation, G cells release gastrin interacting with partial cells to release HCl

113
Q

intestinal phase

A

food has been broken down partially, inhibitory, secretin and CCK released, negative influence on gastrin production

114
Q

LEC 4 SLIDE 4

A

hormone review chart

115
Q

vomiting center

A

medulla oblongata

116
Q

during vomitting what relaxes and contracts

A

lower esophageal sphincter and esophagus relax, diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract

117
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

pH of tissue elevated beyond normal range

118
Q

ulcer

A

imbalance of acid and protective functions, bacteria or NSAIDs can occur in esophagus, stomach or duodenum

119
Q

gastric bypass surgery

A

stomach bypassed, low B12 have to receive injection to prevent anemia

120
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

exocrine: secretions, enzymes (inactive under acidic pH), problems not noticed unless functions fall below 10%

secrete substances into ducts that go to apical surface and converge into pancreatic duct

121
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

not used for digestion but produces insulin and hormones

secretion occurs across basolateral surface for diffusion, endocrine cells surround capillaries

122
Q

sphincter of oddi

A

common to bile duct and pancreatic duct

123
Q

pancreatic acinar cells

A

end portion of duct, produce and secrete digestive enzymes, exocytosis of vesicles with acinar cells

124
Q

pancreatic ductal cells

A

secrete bicarbonate for neutralization of acid

125
Q

PANCREATIC JUICES SLIDE

A

lec 4 slide 22

126
Q

DUCTULAR CELL SECRETION

A

LEC 4 SLIDE 25

127
Q

alkaline tide

A

large amount of bicarbonate pumped across basolateral surface pumped into the bloodstream after big meal and lots of acid is produced in stomach

128
Q

acid tide

A

after large meal lots of bicarbonate produced in pancreas, large amount of H+ pumped across basolateral into bloodstream

129
Q

alkaline and acid tide

A

both will meet up in portal vein and compensate each other

130
Q

amylolase

A

digest starch into sugars

131
Q

lipase

A

digest triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglyceride

132
Q

zymogens

A

proenzymes or inactive precursor enzymes

133
Q

enterokinase

A

cleaves trypsinogen into trypsin, can degrade itself if activated, inhibited in pancreas

134
Q

what does trypsin activate

A

chymotripsinogen and pro-elastase end
pro-carboxypepidase A and B exo

135
Q

phospholipase A2

A

hydrolyzes phospholipids into lysophospholipids and free fatty acids

136
Q

cholesterolesterase

A

hydrolyzes cholesterol esters into free fatty acids and cholesterol

137
Q

secretin regulation

A

pancreas duct cells and liver duct cells increase bicarbonate to neutralize acid entering form duodenum (stimulating secretin release), negative feedback

138
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

defective chloride channel, produce all digestive enzymes but bicarbonate secretion is minimal and enzymes are not removed from duct and do not reach intestine, constant autodigestions and inflmmation

139
Q

portal triad

A

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct

140
Q

hepatocytes

A

liver epithelial cells, canalicular join to make bile ducts

141
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

where hepatic blood mixes and flows toward central vein

142
Q

what is in bile

A

bile acids, cholesterol, salts, phospholipids, bile pigments, trace metals BCSPT

143
Q

emulsification

A

make lipid droplets smaller

144
Q

re-aggregation agents

A

amphipathic bile acids and phospholipids

145
Q

micelles

A

keep monglycerides and fatty acids in small aggregates, free forms diffuse into SI when micelle breaks

146
Q

gallbladder

A

storing and concentrating bile between meals and releasing when chyme enters duodenum

147
Q

gallstones

A

cholesterol stones high conc starts to precipitate and pigment stones excess red blood cell breakdown causing bile salts to precipitate with calcium, treat by removing , stones, or drugs

148
Q

folds of kercking

A

circular folds in lumen of SI

149
Q

crypt regions

A

vili like things but in opposite direction

150
Q

absorptive cells

A

microvilli at apical surface, brush border membrane

151
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

152
Q

enterendocrine cells

A

produce I and S cells

153
Q

panted cells

A

secrete antimicrobial peptides

154
Q

brush border and enzyme

A

small microvilli projections, enzymes has catalytic activity in the lumen

155
Q

APSORPTION SLIDES

A

LEC 6 SLIDES 25 TO 28

156
Q

SUMMARY SLIDE

A

lec 6 slide 33

157
Q

Why are free fatty and mono made tri

A

maintain diffusion gradient from lumen to SI, further tri chylomicrons packaged in Golgi secreted across basolateral

158
Q

iron

A

body iron is high, ferritin (produced by enterocytes) is increased, reducing amount in blood, when iron depletes less ferritin produced excreted in feces

159
Q

fluid absorbed by SI higher or LI

A

SI

160
Q

Gradient direction for secretion

A

inward for absorption, outward for secretion

161
Q

WATER APSROPTION

A

LEC 7 SLIDE 13

162
Q

purpose of MMC

A

push undigested material from SI into LI prevent bacteria from staying in LI

163
Q

vibrio cholerae

A

increased cAMP stimulate cl channel to open, water follows

164
Q

Ilececal valve

A

sphincter between cecum and ileum, open when ileum contracts, retain LI content even bacteria

165
Q

appendix

A

no apparent function, reservoir for waste

166
Q

anus sphincters

A

internal: smooth involuntary
external: skeletal voluntary control

167
Q

poop mechanism

A

rectum contracts, internal anal sphincter relaxes asshole initially contracts, increased perstalstic activity causes pressure resulting in reflex relaxation in asshole

168
Q

WATER

A

lec 7 slide 29/30

Physiology 210 (4 decks)

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