respiratory

Question 1

airway differences

Answer 1

babies nose breathe until 3-4 mo, larger tongue/adenoids/tonsils, trachea 4mm and tunnel shaped trachea

Question 2

age factors

Answer 2

less alveoli, flexible chest wall, tidal volume dependent on diaphragm, intercostal muscles cannot lift chest wall

Question 3

resp assess

Answer 3

pale/cyanotic?, anxious/restless/lethargic, obstructed, muffled voice, secretions, effort, retractions, grunting

Question 4

respiratory distress management

Answer 4

mist, oxygen, nasal saline, ease anxiety, position, sneeze/cough technique, oral rehydration, clear w saline then suction, iv fluid if no po, watch for deterioration; labored, fatigue, mental status change, new no eating or drinking

Question 5

acute nasopharyngitis cause

Answer 5

RSV, rhinovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, flu

Question 6

acute nasopharyngitis manifestations

Answer 6

nasal mucus, mouth breathing, irritability, restlessness, fever, 7-10 day duration

Question 7

acute nasopharyngitis management

Answer 7

rest, humidifier, fluids, decongestants, elevate HOB, nasal saline, bulb suction

Question 8

acute nasopharyngitis complications

Answer 8

bacterial infection of ears/throat/sinuses/lungs

Question 9

acute otitis media

Answer 9

viral or bacterial, fever and pain, antibiotic if bacterial/viral will resolve itself, breastfeed, avoid second hand smoke, immunize

Question 10

flu

Answer 10

droplet, fever, chills, aches, runny nose, cough, diarrhea, fatigue, 4-5 day duration, potential sinusitis/pneumonia/myositis

Question 11

flu treatment

Answer 11

medication, honey for cough over 2 yrs, vax,

Question 12

acute pharyngitis

Answer 12

viral/streptococci, pharyngitis/headache/fever/abdominal pain/inflamed tonsils w exudate/sandpaper rash, possible rheumatic fever/glomerulonephritis abscess

Question 13

acute pharyngitis

Answer 13

strep test and throat culture, po penicillin, azithromycin, cephalosporin, pain management, saline gargles, hydration, lozenges, cool liquids, change toothbrush

Question 14

mono

Answer 14

epstein-barr virus, fever/malaise/sore throat/lyphadenopathy

NSAIDs/lozenges/salt water gargles

splenic rupture; no contact sports for 3 weeks/guillian-barre syndrome/meningitis/hepatitis/cancer

Question 15

COVID-19

Answer 15

fever, cough, smell or taste, sob, fatigue, aches, headache, sore throat, diarrhea

NSAIDs, fluids, antivirals over 12, steroids w airway support

inflammatory syndrome; rash, erythema, edema, conjunctivitis, AMS, lethargy, hypotension

Question 16

croup

Answer 16

3mo-3yrs, viral

stridor, contractions, nasal flaring, cough, hoarseness, tachypnea, temp, URI symptoms, symptomatic @night, 3-5 days

mist, nebulizer epi, steroids, nasal saline

Question 17

epiglottis

Answer 17

EMERGENCY, h. influenzae

abrupt, fever, sore throat, drooling, anxiety, irritability, resp distress

postion, o2, intubation @ bedside, antibiotics, intense observation, corticosteroids

Hib vax

Question 18

bronchiolitis

Answer 18

viral (RSV), winter and spring, contact

rhinorrhea, pharyngitis, couching, wheezing, fever, retractions, apnea

ELISA, IFA, x-ray (hyperinflation)

oxygen, fluids, airway, nasal saline, suction, position

Question 19

pnemonia

Answer 19

viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, fungal, aspiration
fever, cough, tachypnea, crackles, malaise, lethargy, anorexia, abd pain, CXR, *chronis –> eval for asthma/cystic fibrosis
possible empyema, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, abscess, bacteremia
vax

Question 20

pertussis

Answer 20

whooping cough, copious secretions
possible hypoxemia, apnea, pneumonia, seizures, encephalopathy, death
PCR, azithromycin, vax

Question 21

TB

Answer 21

2-10 week incubation
fever, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, cough, diminished breath sounds, pallor, weakness, night sweats
skin test, x-ray, culture
isolation room, rifampin&pyrazinamide, isoniazid

Question 22

asthma

Answer 22

recurrent cough, sob, wheezing, exercise intolerance, hypoxia
airway remodeling
PFTs, PEFT, skin, RAST, x-ray (hyperinflation)
avoid triggers, corticosteroids, SABAs, buterols, LABAs, anticholinergics

Question 23

cystic fibrosis

Answer 23

inherited recessive gene, 46 yr survival
increased secretions
salty skin, dehydration, altered electrolytes, meconium ileum, bulky greasy stool, malabsorption, FTT, altered pancreatic enzymes, mucus plugs, chronic resp infections, decreased fertility

Question 24

cystic fibrosis testing and management

Answer 24

sweat chloride test, x-ray, PFTs, stool fat/enzyme analysis
minimize comps, max function, nutrition, infection prevention, CPT, vibration and positional drainage, PEP, breathing and physical exercises, pancreatic enzyme replacement, high protein high calorie diet